Ariver
2026-06-29 1d03f5b6b433b062a098bf7899a349d550aafac7
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import AppKit
@preconcurrency import ApplicationServices
import CoreGraphics
import Foundation
import AlignerCore
 
final class CGWindowAXWindowService: WindowServiceProtocol, WindowRestorationServiceProtocol, WindowActivationServiceProtocol, WindowCloseServiceProtocol {
    weak var delegate: WindowServiceDelegate?
 
    private let appCategorizer: any AppCategorizer
    private let spaceIDsByWindowIDProvider: ([UInt32]) -> [UInt32: [UInt64]]
    private let fullscreenSpaceIDs: Set<UInt64>
    private let privateActivationBridge: PrivateWindowActivationBridge?
    private let privateSpaceActivationBridge: PrivateSpaceActivationBridge?
    private var restorableAXWindowsByID: [UInt32: RestorableAXWindow] = [:]
 
    private struct FinderTabControl {
        let button: AXUIElement
        let tabGroup: AXUIElement?
    }
 
    private struct KeyboardShortcut {
        let name: String
        let keyCode: CGKeyCode
        let flags: CGEventFlags
    }
 
    private struct FinderTabActivationBudget {
        let startedAt: TimeInterval
        let limit: TimeInterval
 
        init(limit: TimeInterval) {
            startedAt = ProcessInfo.processInfo.systemUptime
            self.limit = limit
        }
 
        var elapsed: TimeInterval {
            ProcessInfo.processInfo.systemUptime - startedAt
        }
 
        var elapsedMilliseconds: Int {
            CGWindowAXWindowService.milliseconds(elapsed)
        }
 
        var remaining: TimeInterval {
            max(0, limit - elapsed)
        }
 
        var isExhausted: Bool {
            remaining <= 0
        }
    }
 
    private struct WindowFocusAttempt {
        let focused: AXActionResult
        let main: AXActionResult
        let raised: AXActionResult
 
        var success: Bool {
            focused.success || main.success || raised.success
        }
    }
 
    private static let finderTabActivationBudgetLimit: TimeInterval = 1.50
    private static let finderTabCycleMaximumAttempts = 5
    private static let finderTabHostRepresentationScanLimit = 5
    private static let finderTabFastTitleMatchAttempts = 4
    private static let finderTabFastTitleMatchDelay: TimeInterval = 0.03
    private static let finderTabWindowMenuVerificationInitialDelay: TimeInterval = 0.08
    private static let finderTabWindowMenuVerificationAttempts = 8
    private static let finderTabWindowMenuVerificationDelay: TimeInterval = 0.04
 
    init(
        spaceIDsByWindowIDProvider: @escaping ([UInt32]) -> [UInt32: [UInt64]],
        appCategorizer: any AppCategorizer = BundleIDAppCategorizer(),
        fullscreenSpaceIDs: Set<UInt64> = [],
        privateActivationBridge: PrivateWindowActivationBridge? = .shared,
        privateSpaceActivationBridge: PrivateSpaceActivationBridge? = .shared
    ) {
        self.appCategorizer = appCategorizer
        self.fullscreenSpaceIDs = fullscreenSpaceIDs
        self.spaceIDsByWindowIDProvider = spaceIDsByWindowIDProvider
        self.privateActivationBridge = privateActivationBridge
        self.privateSpaceActivationBridge = privateSpaceActivationBridge
    }
 
    func allWindows() throws -> [AlignerWindow] {
        let records = try windowRecords()
        return records.compactMap(WindowEnumerationPolicy.window)
    }
 
    func windows(for space: AlignerSpace) throws -> [AlignerWindow] {
        try allWindows().filter { window in
            window.spaceIDs.contains(space.id)
        }
    }
 
    func refresh() {}
 
    func startObserving() {}
 
    func stopObserving() {}
 
    func restore(windowID: UInt32) throws -> WindowRestoreResult {
        guard let restorableWindow = restorableAXWindowsByID[windowID] else {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.restore.windowNotFound", [
                "windowID": windowID
            ])
            return .windowNotFound
        }
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.restore.start", [
            "windowID": windowID,
            "pid": restorableWindow.processIdentifier
        ])
 
        let minimizeResult = AXUIElementSetAttributeValue(
            restorableWindow.element,
            kAXMinimizedAttribute as CFString,
            kCFBooleanFalse
        )
        guard minimizeResult == .success else {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.restore.setMinimizedFailed", [
                "windowID": windowID,
                "pid": restorableWindow.processIdentifier,
                "axError": String(describing: minimizeResult)
            ])
            throw AXWindowRestoreError.setMinimizedFailed(minimizeResult)
        }
 
        let beforeActivateAttempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(
            restorableWindow.element,
            processIdentifier: restorableWindow.processIdentifier
        )
 
        guard activateApplication(processIdentifier: restorableWindow.processIdentifier) else {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.restore.activateApplicationFailed", [
                "windowID": windowID,
                "pid": restorableWindow.processIdentifier,
                "focusedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.focused.success,
                "focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.focused.error),
                "mainBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.main.success,
                "mainBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.main.error),
                "raisedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.raised.success,
                "raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.raised.error)
            ])
            return .activationFailed
        }
 
        let afterActivateAttempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(
            restorableWindow.element,
            processIdentifier: restorableWindow.processIdentifier
        )
 
        let restored = beforeActivateAttempt.success || afterActivateAttempt.success
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.restore.end", [
            "windowID": windowID,
            "pid": restorableWindow.processIdentifier,
            "focusedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.focused.success,
            "focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.focused.error),
            "mainBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.main.success,
            "mainBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.main.error),
            "raisedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.raised.success,
            "raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.raised.error),
            "focusedAfterActivate": afterActivateAttempt.focused.success,
            "focusAfterAXError": String(describing: afterActivateAttempt.focused.error),
            "mainAfterActivate": afterActivateAttempt.main.success,
            "mainAfterAXError": String(describing: afterActivateAttempt.main.error),
            "raisedAfterActivate": afterActivateAttempt.raised.success,
            "raiseAfterAXError": String(describing: afterActivateAttempt.raised.error),
            "result": restored ? "restored" : "activationFailed"
        ])
        return restored ? .restored : .activationFailed
    }
 
    func activate(window: AlignerWindow) throws -> WindowActivationResult {
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.start", [
            "windowID": window.id,
            "identifierSource": String(describing: window.identifierSource),
            "titleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
            "titleLength": window.title.count,
            "titleIsEmpty": window.title.isEmpty,
            "appName": window.app.name,
            "bundleIdentifier": window.app.bundleIdentifier,
            "pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
            "isMinimized": window.isMinimized,
            "isFullscreen": window.isFullscreen
        ])
        if window.isMinimized {
            let refreshedWindows = try allWindows()
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.refreshedBeforeRestore", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "refreshedWindowCount": refreshedWindows.count
            ])
            let restoreResult = try restore(windowID: window.id)
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.restoreResult", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "result": Self.restoreResultString(restoreResult)
            ])
            switch restoreResult {
            case .restored:
                return .restored
            case .windowNotFound:
                return activateApplication(for: window) ? .activationFailed : .windowNotFound
            case .unsupported:
                return .unsupported
            case .activationFailed:
                return .activationFailed
            }
        }
 
        let spaceFocusOutcome = focusTargetSpaceIfNeeded(for: window)
        if spaceFocusOutcome?.didRequestFocus == true {
            Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.12)
        }
 
        let privateActivationOutcome = activateViaPrivateWindowServerAPI(window)
        let didPrivatelyActivate = privateActivationOutcome?.succeeded == true
 
        let currentAXMetadata = AXWindowMetadataReader.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer)
        let axWindow = axWindow(
            for: window,
            in: currentAXMetadata,
            operation: "windowActivation",
            matchAttempt: "initial"
        )
 
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.axLookup", [
            "windowID": window.id,
            "titleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
            "titleLength": window.title.count,
            "titleIsEmpty": window.title.isEmpty,
            "pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
            "found": axWindow != nil,
            "matchedWindowID": axWindow?.windowID,
            "matchedTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(axWindow?.title),
            "matchedTitleLength": axWindow?.title?.count,
            "matchedTitleIsEmpty": axWindow?.title?.isEmpty,
            "matchedPID": axWindow?.processIdentifier,
            "spaceFocusTargetSpaceID": spaceFocusOutcome?.targetSpaceID,
            "spaceFocusDisplayIdentifier": spaceFocusOutcome?.displayIdentifier,
            "spaceFocusPreviousSpaceID": spaceFocusOutcome?.previousCurrentSpaceID,
            "spaceFocusRequested": spaceFocusOutcome?.didRequestFocus,
            "spaceFocusError": spaceFocusOutcome?.error
        ])
        guard let axWindow else {
            if let finderTabActivated = activateFinderTabPageIfNeeded(
                window: window,
                axMetadata: currentAXMetadata,
                operation: "windowActivation",
                reason: "axMissing"
            ) {
                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.finderTabResult", [
                    "windowID": window.id,
                    "pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
                    "activated": finderTabActivated
                ])
                return finderTabActivated ? .activated : .activationFailed
            }
 
            let activated = activateApplication(for: window)
            let retryAttempt = activated
                ? retryFocusMainRaiseWindow(
                    for: window,
                    delay: 0.10,
                    matchAttempt: "axMissingPostActivate"
                )
                : nil
            let retrySucceeded = retryAttempt?.success ?? false
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.axMissing", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "appName": window.app.name,
                "pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
                "privateActivated": didPrivatelyActivate,
                "applicationActivated": activated,
                "retryFocused": retryAttempt?.focused.success,
                "retryFocusAXError": retryAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.focused.error) },
                "retryMain": retryAttempt?.main.success,
                "retryMainAXError": retryAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.main.error) },
                "retryRaised": retryAttempt?.raised.success,
                "retryRaiseAXError": retryAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.raised.error) },
                "result": (didPrivatelyActivate || retrySucceeded) ? "activated" : (activated ? "appActivatedOnly" : "windowNotFound")
            ])
            if didPrivatelyActivate || retrySucceeded {
                return .activated
            }
 
            return activated ? .appActivatedOnly : .windowNotFound
        }
 
        let beforeActivateAttempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(
            axWindow.element,
            processIdentifier: axWindow.processIdentifier
        )
 
        guard didPrivatelyActivate || activateApplication(for: window) else {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.applicationActivationFailed", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
                "privateActivated": didPrivatelyActivate,
                "focusedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.focused.success,
                "focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.focused.error),
                "mainBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.main.success,
                "mainBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.main.error),
                "raisedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.raised.success,
                "raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.raised.error)
            ])
            return .activationFailed
        }
 
        let afterActivateAttempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(
            axWindow.element,
            processIdentifier: axWindow.processIdentifier
        )
        let retryAttempt = (didPrivatelyActivate || beforeActivateAttempt.success || afterActivateAttempt.success)
            ? nil
            : retryFocusMainRaiseWindow(
                for: window,
                delay: 0.10,
                matchAttempt: "postActivateRetry"
            )
 
        let didFocusOrRaise = beforeActivateAttempt.success || afterActivateAttempt.success || (retryAttempt?.success ?? false)
        let finderDirectFallbackResult: Bool?
        if (didPrivatelyActivate || didFocusOrRaise),
           isFinderCGOnlyPageCandidate(window),
           let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier {
            let normalizedTargetTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(window.title)
            let focusedTitle = finderFocusedOrMainWindowTitle(processIdentifier: processIdentifier)
            let directTitleMatched = normalizedWindowTitle(focusedTitle ?? "") == normalizedTargetTitle
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.finderDirectVerification", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "pid": processIdentifier,
                "directTitleMatched": directTitleMatched,
                "focusedTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(focusedTitle),
                "focusedTitleLength": focusedTitle?.count,
                "targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
                "targetTitleLength": window.title.count
            ])
            if directTitleMatched {
                finderDirectFallbackResult = true
            } else {
                finderDirectFallbackResult = activateFinderTabPageIfNeeded(
                    window: window,
                    axMetadata: AXWindowMetadataReader.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer),
                    operation: "windowActivation",
                    reason: "directAXTitleMismatch"
                )
            }
        } else {
            finderDirectFallbackResult = nil
        }
 
        let finderPreciseActivationFailed = finderDirectFallbackResult == false
        let activated = finderDirectFallbackResult ?? (didPrivatelyActivate || didFocusOrRaise)
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.end", [
            "windowID": window.id,
            "pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
            "privateActivated": didPrivatelyActivate,
            "focusedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.focused.success,
            "focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.focused.error),
            "mainBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.main.success,
            "mainBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.main.error),
            "raisedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.raised.success,
            "raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.raised.error),
            "focusedAfterActivate": afterActivateAttempt.focused.success,
            "focusAfterAXError": String(describing: afterActivateAttempt.focused.error),
            "mainAfterActivate": afterActivateAttempt.main.success,
            "mainAfterAXError": String(describing: afterActivateAttempt.main.error),
            "raisedAfterActivate": afterActivateAttempt.raised.success,
            "raiseAfterAXError": String(describing: afterActivateAttempt.raised.error),
            "retryFocused": retryAttempt?.focused.success,
            "retryFocusAXError": retryAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.focused.error) },
            "retryMain": retryAttempt?.main.success,
            "retryMainAXError": retryAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.main.error) },
            "retryRaised": retryAttempt?.raised.success,
            "retryRaiseAXError": retryAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.raised.error) },
            "finderDirectFallbackResult": finderDirectFallbackResult,
            "result": finderPreciseActivationFailed ? "activationFailed" : (activated ? "activated" : "appActivatedOnly")
        ])
        if finderPreciseActivationFailed {
            return .activationFailed
        }
        return activated ? .activated : .appActivatedOnly
    }
 
    func close(window: AlignerWindow) throws -> WindowCloseResult {
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.window.start", [
            "windowID": window.id,
            "identifierSource": String(describing: window.identifierSource),
            "titleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
            "titleLength": window.title.count,
            "titleIsEmpty": window.title.isEmpty,
            "appName": window.app.name,
            "bundleIdentifier": window.app.bundleIdentifier,
            "pid": window.app.processIdentifier
        ])
 
        let axMetadata = AXWindowMetadataReader.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer)
        var matchedAXWindow = axWindow(for: window, in: axMetadata)
        var finalAXMetadata = axMetadata
 
        let shouldPreferFocusedPageClose = matchedAXWindow?.windowID != window.id
        if shouldPreferFocusedPageClose,
           let focusedPageCloseResult = closeFocusedPageViaCommandW(
            window: window,
            reason: matchedAXWindow == nil ? "axMissing" : "nonDirectAXMatch"
           ) {
            return focusedPageCloseResult
        }
 
        if matchedAXWindow == nil {
            Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.12)
            finalAXMetadata = AXWindowMetadataReader.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer)
            matchedAXWindow = axWindow(for: window, in: finalAXMetadata, matchAttempt: "retry")
        }
 
        guard let matchedAXWindow else {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.window.axMissing", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "appName": window.app.name,
                "pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
                "candidateCount": finalAXMetadata.filter { $0.processIdentifier == window.app.processIdentifier }.count,
                "matchingTitleCandidateCount": matchingAXTitleCandidateCount(for: window, in: finalAXMetadata),
                "matchingSizeCandidateCount": matchingAXSizeCandidateCount(for: window, in: finalAXMetadata)
            ])
            return .windowNotFound
        }
 
        if matchedAXWindow.windowID != window.id,
           let focusedPageCloseResult = closeFocusedPageViaCommandW(
            window: window,
            reason: "retryNonDirectAXMatch"
           ) {
            return focusedPageCloseResult
        }
 
        guard let closeButton = closeButton(for: matchedAXWindow) else {
            Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.12)
            let retryMetadata = AXWindowMetadataReader.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer)
            if let retryAXWindow = axWindow(for: window, in: retryMetadata, matchAttempt: "closeButtonRetry"),
               let retryCloseButton = closeButton(for: retryAXWindow) {
                return performCloseButtonPress(
                    retryCloseButton,
                    window: window,
                    processIdentifier: retryAXWindow.processIdentifier,
                    attempt: "closeButtonRetry"
                )
            }
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.window.closeButtonMissing", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "pid": matchedAXWindow.processIdentifier,
                "appName": window.app.name
            ])
            return .windowNotFound
        }
 
        return performCloseButtonPress(
            closeButton,
            window: window,
            processIdentifier: matchedAXWindow.processIdentifier,
            attempt: "initial"
        )
    }
 
    private func closeButton(for axWindow: AXWindowMetadata) -> AXUIElement? {
        var closeButtonValue: CFTypeRef?
        let closeButtonLookupResult = AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(
            axWindow.element,
            kAXCloseButtonAttribute as CFString,
            &closeButtonValue
        )
        guard closeButtonLookupResult == .success,
              let closeButton = closeButtonValue,
              CFGetTypeID(closeButton) == AXUIElementGetTypeID()
        else {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.window.closeButtonLookupFailed", [
                "pid": axWindow.processIdentifier,
                "axError": String(describing: closeButtonLookupResult)
            ])
            return nil
        }
 
        return (closeButton as! AXUIElement)
    }
 
    private func performCloseButtonPress(
        _ closeButton: AXUIElement,
        window: AlignerWindow,
        processIdentifier: Int32,
        attempt: String
    ) -> WindowCloseResult {
        let closeResult = AXUIElementPerformAction(closeButton, kAXPressAction as CFString)
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.window.result", [
            "windowID": window.id,
            "pid": processIdentifier,
            "attempt": attempt,
            "axError": String(describing: closeResult)
        ])
 
        switch closeResult {
        case .success:
            return .requested
        case .actionUnsupported, .notImplemented:
            return .unsupported
        default:
            return .failed(String(describing: closeResult))
        }
    }
 
    private func closeFocusedPageViaCommandW(
        window: AlignerWindow,
        reason: String
    ) -> WindowCloseResult? {
        guard window.identifierSource == .cgWindow,
              let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier
        else {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.commandW.skipped", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "reason": reason,
                "identifierSource": String(describing: window.identifierSource),
                "hasPID": window.app.processIdentifier != nil
            ])
            return nil
        }
 
        if let finderTabActivated = activateFinderTabPageIfNeeded(
            window: window,
            axMetadata: AXWindowMetadataReader.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer),
            operation: "windowClose",
            reason: reason
        ) {
            guard finderTabActivated else {
                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.commandW.finderTabActivationFailed", [
                    "windowID": window.id,
                    "pid": processIdentifier,
                    "reason": reason
                ])
                return .failed("finderTabActivationFailed")
            }
        } else {
            guard let activationOutcome = activateViaPrivateWindowServerAPI(window),
                  activationOutcome.succeeded
            else {
                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.commandW.activationFailed", [
                    "windowID": window.id,
                    "pid": processIdentifier,
                    "reason": reason
                ])
                return nil
            }
        }
 
        Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.08)
        guard postCommandW(to: processIdentifier) else {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.commandW.postFailed", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "pid": processIdentifier,
                "reason": reason
            ])
            return .failed("commandWPostFailed")
        }
 
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.commandW.requested", [
            "windowID": window.id,
            "pid": processIdentifier,
            "reason": reason
        ])
        return .requested
    }
 
    private func postCommandW(to processIdentifier: Int32) -> Bool {
        let source = CGEventSource(stateID: .combinedSessionState)
        guard let keyDown = CGEvent(
            keyboardEventSource: source,
            virtualKey: Self.commandWVirtualKeyCode,
            keyDown: true
        ),
              let keyUp = CGEvent(
                keyboardEventSource: source,
                virtualKey: Self.commandWVirtualKeyCode,
                keyDown: false
              )
        else {
            return false
        }
 
        keyDown.flags = .maskCommand
        keyUp.flags = .maskCommand
        keyDown.postToPid(processIdentifier)
        keyUp.postToPid(processIdentifier)
        return true
    }
 
    private func axWindow(
        for window: AlignerWindow,
        in axMetadata: [AXWindowMetadata],
        operation: String = "windowClose",
        matchAttempt: String = "initial"
    ) -> AXWindowMetadata? {
        if let directMatch = axMetadata.first(where: { $0.windowID == window.id }) {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).axMatch.directWindowID", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
                "attempt": matchAttempt
            ])
            return directMatch
        }
 
        guard let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier else {
            return nil
        }
 
        if let geometryFingerprint = axWindowGeometryFingerprint(for: window) {
            let geometryMatches = axMetadata.filter { metadata in
                AXWindowGeometryFingerprint(metadata) == geometryFingerprint
            }
            if geometryMatches.count == 1 {
                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).axMatch.geometryFingerprint", [
                    "windowID": window.id,
                    "pid": processIdentifier,
                    "attempt": matchAttempt
                ])
                return geometryMatches[0]
            }
 
            if geometryMatches.count > 1 {
                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).axMatch.geometryFingerprintAmbiguous", [
                    "windowID": window.id,
                    "pid": processIdentifier,
                    "candidateCount": geometryMatches.count,
                    "attempt": matchAttempt
                ])
            }
        }
 
        if let cgFingerprint = cgWindowFingerprint(for: window) {
            let fingerprintMatches = axMetadata.filter { metadata in
                AXWindowFingerprint(metadata) == cgFingerprint
            }
            if fingerprintMatches.count == 1 {
                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).axMatch.fingerprint", [
                    "windowID": window.id,
                    "pid": processIdentifier,
                    "attempt": matchAttempt
                ])
                return fingerprintMatches[0]
            }
 
            if fingerprintMatches.count > 1 {
                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).axMatch.fingerprintAmbiguous", [
                    "windowID": window.id,
                    "pid": processIdentifier,
                    "candidateCount": fingerprintMatches.count,
                    "attempt": matchAttempt
                ])
            }
        }
 
        let normalizedTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(window.title)
        let titleMatches = axMetadata.filter { metadata in
            metadata.processIdentifier == processIdentifier
                && normalizedWindowTitle(metadata.title ?? "") == normalizedTitle
        }
        if !normalizedTitle.isEmpty, titleMatches.count == 1 {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).axMatch.normalizedTitle", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "pid": processIdentifier,
                "attempt": matchAttempt
            ])
            return titleMatches[0]
        }
 
        if window.app.bundleIdentifier == "com.apple.finder",
           let finderMatch = finderFallbackAXWindow(
            for: window,
            processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
            in: axMetadata
           ) {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).axMatch.finderFallback", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "pid": processIdentifier,
                "attempt": matchAttempt
            ])
            return finderMatch
        }
 
        if titleMatches.count > 1 {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).axMatch.titleAmbiguous", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "pid": processIdentifier,
                "candidateCount": titleMatches.count,
                "attempt": matchAttempt
            ])
        }
 
        return nil
    }
 
    private func finderFallbackAXWindow(
        for window: AlignerWindow,
        processIdentifier: Int32,
        in axMetadata: [AXWindowMetadata]
    ) -> AXWindowMetadata? {
        let normalizedTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(window.title)
        guard !normalizedTitle.isEmpty else { return nil }
 
        let finderCandidates = axMetadata.filter { metadata in
            metadata.processIdentifier == processIdentifier
                && normalizedWindowTitle(metadata.title ?? "") == normalizedTitle
                && metadata.subrole == .standard
        }
        return finderCandidates.count == 1 ? finderCandidates[0] : nil
    }
 
    private func activateFinderTabPageIfNeeded(
        window: AlignerWindow,
        axMetadata: [AXWindowMetadata],
        operation: String,
        reason: String
    ) -> Bool? {
        guard isFinderCGOnlyPageCandidate(window),
              let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier
        else {
            return nil
        }
 
        let budget = FinderTabActivationBudget(limit: Self.finderTabActivationBudgetLimit)
        let hostLookupStartedAt = ProcessInfo.processInfo.systemUptime
        let host = finderTabHostAXWindow(for: window, in: axMetadata, budget: budget)
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).finderTab.hostLookup", [
            "windowID": window.id,
            "pid": processIdentifier,
            "reason": reason,
            "hostFound": host != nil,
            "hostWindowID": host?.windowID,
            "elapsedMilliseconds": Self.elapsedMilliseconds(since: hostLookupStartedAt),
            "overallElapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
            "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
            "budgetRemainingMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.remaining)
        ])
 
        guard let host else {
            if budget.isExhausted {
                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).finderTab.hostMissingBudgetExceeded", [
                    "windowID": window.id,
                    "pid": processIdentifier,
                    "reason": reason,
                    "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
                    "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
                ])
                return false
            }
 
            let normalizedTargetTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(window.title)
            let applicationActivated = activateApplication(processIdentifier: processIdentifier)
            let selectedViaWindowMenu = !normalizedTargetTitle.isEmpty
                && selectFinderWindowMenuItem(
                    processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
                    window: window,
                    normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
                    budget: budget
                )
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).finderTab.hostlessWindowMenuResult", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "pid": processIdentifier,
                "reason": reason,
                "applicationActivated": applicationActivated,
                "selectedViaWindowMenu": selectedViaWindowMenu,
                "spaceIDs": window.spaceIDs,
                "targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
                "targetTitleLength": window.title.count,
                "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
                "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
            ])
            if selectedViaWindowMenu {
                return true
            }
 
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).finderTab.hostMissing", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "pid": processIdentifier,
                "reason": reason,
                "spaceIDs": window.spaceIDs,
                "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
                "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
            ])
            return false
        }
 
        let hostPrivateActivationSucceeded: Bool
        if let hostWindowID = host.windowID,
           let privateActivationBridge {
            hostPrivateActivationSucceeded = privateActivationBridge.activate(
                processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
                windowID: hostWindowID
            ).succeeded
        } else {
            hostPrivateActivationSucceeded = false
        }
 
        let applicationActivated = activateApplication(processIdentifier: processIdentifier)
        let beforeAttempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(host.element, processIdentifier: processIdentifier)
        let selectedTabStartedAt = ProcessInfo.processInfo.systemUptime
        let selectedTab = budget.isExhausted ? false : selectFinderTab(window, in: host, budget: budget)
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).finderTab.selectElapsed", [
            "windowID": window.id,
            "pid": processIdentifier,
            "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
            "selectedTab": selectedTab,
            "elapsedMilliseconds": Self.elapsedMilliseconds(since: selectedTabStartedAt),
            "overallElapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
            "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
            "budgetRemainingMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.remaining)
        ])
        if selectedTab, budget.remaining > 0 {
            Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: min(0.05, budget.remaining))
        }
        let afterAttempt: WindowFocusAttempt?
        if selectedTab {
            // For Finder tab/page cards, re-focusing the original host AX window after
            // selecting the tab can switch Finder back to the host's previous tab.
            afterAttempt = nil
        } else {
            afterAttempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(host.element, processIdentifier: processIdentifier)
        }
 
        let didFocusOrRaise = beforeAttempt.success || (afterAttempt?.success ?? false)
        let activated = selectedTab
            && (hostPrivateActivationSucceeded || applicationActivated || didFocusOrRaise)
 
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).finderTab.result", [
            "windowID": window.id,
            "pid": processIdentifier,
            "reason": reason,
            "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
            "hostTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(host.title),
            "hostTitleLength": host.title?.count,
            "hostPrivateActivated": hostPrivateActivationSucceeded,
            "applicationActivated": applicationActivated,
            "selectedTab": selectedTab,
            "focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeAttempt.focused.error),
            "mainBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeAttempt.main.error),
            "raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeAttempt.raised.error),
            "focusAfterAXError": afterAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.focused.error) } ?? "skippedAfterTabSelection",
            "mainAfterAXError": afterAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.main.error) } ?? "skippedAfterTabSelection",
            "raiseAfterAXError": afterAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.raised.error) } ?? "skippedAfterTabSelection",
            "activated": activated,
            "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
            "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
            "budgetExceeded": budget.isExhausted
        ])
 
        return activated
    }
 
    private func isFinderCGOnlyPageCandidate(_ window: AlignerWindow) -> Bool {
        window.identifierSource == .cgWindow
            && window.app.bundleIdentifier == "com.apple.finder"
            && !window.title.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).isEmpty
    }
 
    private func finderTabHostAXWindow(
        for window: AlignerWindow,
        in axMetadata: [AXWindowMetadata],
        budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
    ) -> AXWindowMetadata? {
        guard let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier else { return nil }
        let candidates = axMetadata.filter { metadata in
            metadata.processIdentifier == processIdentifier
                && metadata.subrole == .standard
                && metadata.frame?.isEmpty == false
        }
        guard !candidates.isEmpty else { return nil }
 
        let targetSpaceIDs = Set(window.spaceIDs)
        let candidateIDs = candidates.compactMap(\.windowID)
        let candidateSpacesByID = targetSpaceIDs.isEmpty ? [:] : spaceIDsByWindowIDProvider(candidateIDs)
        let spaceCompatibleCandidates = targetSpaceIDs.isEmpty
            ? candidates
            : candidates.filter { metadata in
                guard let windowID = metadata.windowID else { return false }
                return !Set(candidateSpacesByID[windowID] ?? []).isDisjoint(with: targetSpaceIDs)
            }
        let spaceScopedCandidates = spaceCompatibleCandidates.isEmpty ? candidates : spaceCompatibleCandidates
 
        let targetFrame = matchingFrame(for: window)
        let frameScoredHosts = spaceScopedCandidates.compactMap { metadata -> (metadata: AXWindowMetadata, score: CGFloat)? in
            guard let score = frameOverlapScore(targetFrame, metadata.frame),
                  score >= 0.85
            else {
                return nil
            }
 
            return (metadata, score)
        }
        .sorted { lhs, rhs in
            if lhs.score != rhs.score {
                return lhs.score > rhs.score
            }
            return (lhs.metadata.windowID ?? UInt32.max) < (rhs.metadata.windowID ?? UInt32.max)
        }
 
        if let best = frameScoredHosts.first {
            if frameScoredHosts.count == 1 {
                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.frameInferredHost", [
                    "windowID": window.id,
                    "hostWindowID": best.metadata.windowID,
                    "score": Double(best.score),
                    "spaceIDCount": targetSpaceIDs.count,
                    "candidateCount": spaceScopedCandidates.count,
                    "targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
                    "targetTitleLength": window.title.count
                ])
                return best.metadata
            }
 
            let secondBest = frameScoredHosts[1]
            if best.score - secondBest.score >= 0.05 {
                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.frameInferredHost", [
                    "windowID": window.id,
                    "hostWindowID": best.metadata.windowID,
                    "score": Double(best.score),
                    "secondBestScore": Double(secondBest.score),
                    "spaceIDCount": targetSpaceIDs.count,
                    "candidateCount": spaceScopedCandidates.count,
                    "targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
                    "targetTitleLength": window.title.count
                ])
                return best.metadata
            }
        }
 
        guard !budget.isExhausted else {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.hostLookupBudgetExceeded", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "candidateCount": spaceScopedCandidates.count,
                "spaceIDCount": targetSpaceIDs.count,
                "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
                "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
            ])
            return nil
        }
 
        let representationScanCandidates = Array(spaceScopedCandidates.prefix(Self.finderTabHostRepresentationScanLimit))
        let selectableHostCandidates = representationScanCandidates.filter { metadata in
            finderHostCanRepresentTarget(window, in: metadata, budget: budget)
        }
 
        if spaceScopedCandidates.count > representationScanCandidates.count {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.hostRepresentationScanLimited", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "candidateCount": spaceScopedCandidates.count,
                "scannedCandidateCount": representationScanCandidates.count,
                "selectableCandidateCount": selectableHostCandidates.count,
                "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
                "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
            ])
        }
 
        let hostCandidates = selectableHostCandidates.isEmpty
            ? spaceScopedCandidates
            : selectableHostCandidates
 
        if hostCandidates.count == 1 {
            if selectableHostCandidates.isEmpty {
                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.singleFrameHostFallback", [
                    "windowID": window.id,
                    "hostWindowID": hostCandidates[0].windowID,
                    "spaceIDCount": targetSpaceIDs.count,
                    "targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
                    "targetTitleLength": window.title.count
                ])
            }
            return hostCandidates[0]
        }
 
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.hostAmbiguous", [
            "windowID": window.id,
            "candidateCount": hostCandidates.count,
            "spaceIDCount": targetSpaceIDs.count,
            "hasTargetFrame": targetFrame != nil,
            "targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
            "targetTitleLength": window.title.count
        ])
        return nil
    }
 
    private func finderHostCanRepresentTarget(
        _ window: AlignerWindow,
        in host: AXWindowMetadata,
        budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
    ) -> Bool {
        let normalizedTargetTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(window.title)
        guard !normalizedTargetTitle.isEmpty else { return false }
 
        if normalizedWindowTitle(host.title ?? "") == normalizedTargetTitle {
            return true
        }
 
        guard !budget.isExhausted else { return false }
        return finderTabControl(matchingNormalizedTitle: normalizedTargetTitle, in: host.element, budget: budget) != nil
    }
 
    private func selectFinderTab(
        _ window: AlignerWindow,
        in host: AXWindowMetadata,
        budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
    ) -> Bool {
        let normalizedTargetTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(window.title)
        guard !normalizedTargetTitle.isEmpty else { return false }
 
        if normalizedWindowTitle(host.title ?? "") == normalizedTargetTitle {
            return true
        }
 
        guard let tabControl = finderTabControl(
            matchingNormalizedTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
            in: host.element,
            budget: budget
        ) else {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.tabButtonMissing", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
                "targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
                "targetTitleLength": window.title.count,
                "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
                "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
            ])
            if let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier,
               !budget.isExhausted,
               selectFinderTabByCyclingTabs(
                processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
                host: host,
                window: window,
                normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
                budget: budget
               ) {
                return true
            }
            if let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier,
               !budget.isExhausted,
               selectFinderWindowMenuItem(
                processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
                window: window,
                normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
                budget: budget
               ) {
                return true
            }
            return false
        }
 
        let tabButton = tabControl.button
        let tabButtonRole = axStringAttribute(kAXRoleAttribute as String, for: tabButton)
        let tabButtonSubrole = axStringAttribute(kAXSubroleAttribute as String, for: tabButton)
        let pressResult = AXUIElementPerformAction(tabButton, kAXPressAction as CFString)
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.pressTab", [
            "windowID": window.id,
            "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
            "tabButtonRole": tabButtonRole,
            "tabButtonSubrole": tabButtonSubrole,
            "axError": String(describing: pressResult)
        ])
        if pressResult == .success,
           finderHostTitleMatchesTarget(
            host,
            normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
            attempts: Self.finderTabFastTitleMatchAttempts,
            delay: Self.finderTabFastTitleMatchDelay,
            budget: budget
           ) {
            return true
        }
 
        if let tabGroup = tabControl.tabGroup {
            let selectedChildrenResult = AXUIElementSetAttributeValue(
                tabGroup,
                kAXSelectedChildrenAttribute as CFString,
                [tabButton] as CFArray
            )
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.setSelectedChildren", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
                "axError": String(describing: selectedChildrenResult)
            ])
            if selectedChildrenResult == .success,
               finderHostTitleMatchesTarget(
                host,
                normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
                attempts: Self.finderTabFastTitleMatchAttempts,
                delay: Self.finderTabFastTitleMatchDelay,
                budget: budget
               ) {
                return true
            }
        }
 
        let valueResult = AXUIElementSetAttributeValue(
            tabButton,
            kAXValueAttribute as CFString,
            kCFBooleanTrue
        )
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.setValue", [
            "windowID": window.id,
            "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
            "axError": String(describing: valueResult)
        ])
        if valueResult == .success,
           finderHostTitleMatchesTarget(
            host,
            normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
            attempts: Self.finderTabFastTitleMatchAttempts,
            delay: Self.finderTabFastTitleMatchDelay,
            budget: budget
           ) {
            return true
        }
 
        if let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier,
           !budget.isExhausted,
           selectFinderTabByCyclingTabs(
            processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
            host: host,
            window: window,
            normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
            budget: budget
           ) {
            return true
        }
 
        if let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier,
           !budget.isExhausted,
           selectFinderWindowMenuItem(
            processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
            window: window,
            normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
            budget: budget
           ) {
            return true
        }
 
        let currentHostTitle = axStringAttribute(kAXTitleAttribute as String, for: host.element) ?? ""
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.selectionVerificationFailed", [
            "windowID": window.id,
            "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
            "targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
            "targetTitleLength": window.title.count,
            "currentHostTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(currentHostTitle),
            "currentHostTitleLength": currentHostTitle.count,
            "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
            "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
            "budgetExceeded": budget.isExhausted
        ])
        return false
    }
 
    private func finderTabControl(
        matchingNormalizedTitle targetTitle: String,
        in root: AXUIElement,
        budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
    ) -> FinderTabControl? {
        var visitedCount = 0
 
        func search(_ element: AXUIElement, depth: Int, tabGroup: AXUIElement?) -> FinderTabControl? {
            visitedCount += 1
            guard visitedCount <= 240, depth <= 9, !budget.isExhausted else { return nil }
 
            let role = axStringAttribute(kAXRoleAttribute as String, for: element)
            let subrole = axStringAttribute(kAXSubroleAttribute as String, for: element)
            let title = axStringAttribute(kAXTitleAttribute as String, for: element)
                ?? axStringAttribute(kAXDescriptionAttribute as String, for: element)
                ?? axStringAttribute(kAXValueAttribute as String, for: element)
            let isTabGroup = role == "AXTabGroup"
            let currentTabGroup = isTabGroup ? element : tabGroup
            let isTabControl = subrole == "AXTabButton"
                || (currentTabGroup != nil && (role == kAXRadioButtonRole as String || role == kAXButtonRole as String))
 
            if normalizedWindowTitle(title ?? "") == targetTitle,
               isTabControl {
                return FinderTabControl(button: element, tabGroup: currentTabGroup)
            }
 
            guard isTabGroup || currentTabGroup != nil || depth < 7 else { return nil }
            for child in axChildren(of: element) {
                if let match = search(child, depth: depth + 1, tabGroup: currentTabGroup) {
                    return match
                }
            }
 
            return nil
        }
 
        return search(root, depth: 0, tabGroup: nil)
    }
 
    private func finderHostTitleMatchesTarget(
        _ host: AXWindowMetadata,
        normalizedTargetTitle: String,
        attempts: Int = 10,
        delay: TimeInterval = 0.04,
        budget: FinderTabActivationBudget? = nil
    ) -> Bool {
        let attemptCount = max(1, attempts)
        for attempt in 0..<attemptCount {
            if attempt > 0 {
                let sleepDuration = budget.map { min(delay, $0.remaining) } ?? delay
                if sleepDuration > 0 {
                    Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: sleepDuration)
                }
            }
 
            let selectedTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(
                axStringAttribute(kAXTitleAttribute as String, for: host.element) ?? ""
            )
            if selectedTitle == normalizedTargetTitle {
                return true
            }
 
            if budget?.isExhausted == true {
                break
            }
        }
 
        return false
    }
 
    private func selectFinderWindowMenuItem(
        processIdentifier: Int32,
        window: AlignerWindow,
        normalizedTargetTitle: String,
        budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
    ) -> Bool {
        guard !budget.isExhausted else {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.windowMenuSkippedBudgetExceeded", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "pid": processIdentifier,
                "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
                "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
            ])
            return false
        }
 
        let appElement = AXUIElementCreateApplication(processIdentifier)
        guard let menuBar = axElementAttribute(kAXMenuBarAttribute as String, for: appElement) else {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.windowMenuMissing", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "pid": processIdentifier
            ])
            return false
        }
 
        for menuBarItem in axChildren(of: menuBar) where isWindowMenuBarItem(menuBarItem) {
            let openResult = AXUIElementPerformAction(menuBarItem, kAXPressAction as CFString)
            if budget.remaining > 0 {
                Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: min(0.08, budget.remaining))
            }
            guard openResult == .success,
                  let menuItem = finderWindowMenuItem(
                    matchingNormalizedTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
                    in: menuBarItem,
                    budget: budget
                  )
            else {
                continue
            }
 
            let pressResult = AXUIElementPerformAction(menuItem, kAXPressAction as CFString)
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.windowMenuPress", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "pid": processIdentifier,
                "axError": String(describing: pressResult)
            ])
            guard pressResult == .success else { return false }
 
            if finderFocusedWindowTitleMatches(
                processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
                window: window,
                normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
                initialDelay: Self.finderTabWindowMenuVerificationInitialDelay,
                attempts: Self.finderTabWindowMenuVerificationAttempts,
                delay: Self.finderTabWindowMenuVerificationDelay,
                requiredConsecutiveMatches: 2,
                budget: budget
            ) {
                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.windowMenuSucceeded", [
                    "windowID": window.id,
                    "pid": processIdentifier,
                    "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
                    "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
                ])
                return true
            }
 
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.windowMenuVerificationFailed", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "pid": processIdentifier,
                "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
                "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
                "budgetExceeded": budget.isExhausted
            ])
        }
 
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.windowMenuItemMissing", [
            "windowID": window.id,
            "pid": processIdentifier,
            "targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
            "targetTitleLength": window.title.count,
            "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
            "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
            "budgetExceeded": budget.isExhausted
        ])
        return false
    }
 
    private func isWindowMenuBarItem(_ element: AXUIElement) -> Bool {
        let title = normalizedWindowTitle(axStringAttribute(kAXTitleAttribute as String, for: element) ?? "")
        return title == "window" || title == "窗口"
    }
 
    private func finderWindowMenuItem(
        matchingNormalizedTitle targetTitle: String,
        in root: AXUIElement,
        budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
    ) -> AXUIElement? {
        var visitedCount = 0
 
        func search(_ element: AXUIElement, depth: Int) -> AXUIElement? {
            visitedCount += 1
            guard visitedCount <= 500, depth <= 8, !budget.isExhausted else { return nil }
 
            let role = axStringAttribute(kAXRoleAttribute as String, for: element)
            let title = axStringAttribute(kAXTitleAttribute as String, for: element)
                ?? axStringAttribute(kAXDescriptionAttribute as String, for: element)
            if role == kAXMenuItemRole as String,
               normalizedWindowTitle(title ?? "") == targetTitle {
                return element
            }
 
            for child in axChildren(of: element) {
                if let match = search(child, depth: depth + 1) {
                    return match
                }
            }
 
            return nil
        }
 
        return search(root, depth: 0)
    }
 
    private func finderFocusedOrMainWindowTitle(processIdentifier: Int32) -> String? {
        let appElement = AXUIElementCreateApplication(processIdentifier)
        let focusedWindow = axElementAttribute(kAXFocusedWindowAttribute as String, for: appElement)
            ?? axElementAttribute(kAXMainWindowAttribute as String, for: appElement)
        return focusedWindow.flatMap {
            axStringAttribute(kAXTitleAttribute as String, for: $0)
        }
    }
 
    private func finderFocusedWindowTitleMatches(
        processIdentifier: Int32,
        window: AlignerWindow,
        normalizedTargetTitle: String,
        initialDelay: TimeInterval,
        attempts: Int,
        delay: TimeInterval,
        requiredConsecutiveMatches: Int,
        budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
    ) -> Bool {
        var consecutiveMatches = 0
        var lastTitle: String?
 
        if budget.remaining > 0 {
            Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: min(initialDelay, budget.remaining))
        }
        let attemptCount = max(1, attempts)
        for attempt in 0..<attemptCount {
            let title = finderFocusedOrMainWindowTitle(processIdentifier: processIdentifier)
            lastTitle = title
            if normalizedWindowTitle(title ?? "") == normalizedTargetTitle {
                consecutiveMatches += 1
            } else {
                consecutiveMatches = 0
            }
 
            if consecutiveMatches >= requiredConsecutiveMatches {
                return true
            }
            if budget.isExhausted || attempt == attemptCount - 1 {
                break
            }
            let sleepDuration = min(delay, budget.remaining)
            if sleepDuration > 0 {
                Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: sleepDuration)
            }
        }
 
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.focusedTitleMismatch", [
            "windowID": window.id,
            "pid": processIdentifier,
            "targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
            "targetTitleLength": window.title.count,
            "lastTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(lastTitle),
            "lastTitleLength": lastTitle?.count,
            "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
            "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
            "budgetExceeded": budget.isExhausted
        ])
        return false
    }
 
    private func selectFinderTabByCyclingTabs(
        processIdentifier: Int32,
        host: AXWindowMetadata,
        window: AlignerWindow,
        normalizedTargetTitle: String,
        budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
    ) -> Bool {
        let maximumAttempts = Self.finderTabCycleMaximumAttempts
        for attempt in 1...maximumAttempts {
            guard !budget.isExhausted else {
                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.cycleBudgetExceeded", [
                    "windowID": window.id,
                    "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
                    "attempt": attempt,
                    "attemptLimit": maximumAttempts,
                    "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
                    "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
                ])
                return false
            }
 
            for shortcut in Self.finderNextTabShortcuts {
                guard postKeyboardShortcut(to: processIdentifier, shortcut: shortcut) else {
                    DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.cyclePostFailed", [
                        "windowID": window.id,
                        "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
                        "attempt": attempt,
                        "shortcut": shortcut.name
                    ])
                    return false
                }
 
                if finderHostTitleMatchesTarget(
                    host,
                    normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
                    attempts: 2,
                    delay: 0.025,
                    budget: budget
                ) {
                    DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.cycleSucceeded", [
                        "windowID": window.id,
                        "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
                        "attempt": attempt,
                        "attemptLimit": maximumAttempts,
                        "shortcut": shortcut.name,
                        "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
                        "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
                    ])
                    return true
                }
            }
        }
 
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.cycleFailed", [
            "windowID": window.id,
            "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
            "attemptCount": maximumAttempts,
            "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
            "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
            "budgetExceeded": budget.isExhausted
        ])
        return false
    }
 
    private func postKeyboardShortcut(
        to processIdentifier: Int32,
        shortcut: KeyboardShortcut
    ) -> Bool {
        let source = CGEventSource(stateID: .combinedSessionState)
        guard let keyDown = CGEvent(
            keyboardEventSource: source,
            virtualKey: shortcut.keyCode,
            keyDown: true
        ),
              let keyUp = CGEvent(
                keyboardEventSource: source,
                virtualKey: shortcut.keyCode,
                keyDown: false
              )
        else {
            return false
        }
 
        keyDown.flags = shortcut.flags
        keyUp.flags = shortcut.flags
        keyDown.postToPid(processIdentifier)
        keyUp.postToPid(processIdentifier)
        return true
    }
 
    private func axChildren(of element: AXUIElement) -> [AXUIElement] {
        var value: CFTypeRef?
        guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(element, kAXChildrenAttribute as CFString, &value) == .success,
              let children = value as? [AXUIElement]
        else {
            return []
        }
 
        return children
    }
 
    private func axStringAttribute(_ attribute: String, for element: AXUIElement) -> String? {
        var value: CFTypeRef?
        guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(element, attribute as CFString, &value) == .success,
              let value
        else {
            return nil
        }
 
        return value as? String
    }
 
    private func axElementAttribute(_ attribute: String, for element: AXUIElement) -> AXUIElement? {
        var value: CFTypeRef?
        guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(element, attribute as CFString, &value) == .success,
              let value,
              CFGetTypeID(value) == AXUIElementGetTypeID()
        else {
            return nil
        }
 
        return (value as! AXUIElement)
    }
 
    private func frameOverlapScore(_ lhs: CGRect?, _ rhs: CGRect?) -> CGFloat? {
        guard let lhs,
              let rhs,
              !lhs.isEmpty,
              !rhs.isEmpty
        else {
            return nil
        }
 
        let intersection = lhs.intersection(rhs)
        guard !intersection.isNull,
              !intersection.isEmpty
        else {
            return nil
        }
 
        let denominator = min(lhs.width * lhs.height, rhs.width * rhs.height)
        guard denominator > 0 else { return nil }
        let overlap = (intersection.width * intersection.height) / denominator
        let widthSimilarity = min(lhs.width, rhs.width) / max(lhs.width, rhs.width)
        let heightSimilarity = min(lhs.height, rhs.height) / max(lhs.height, rhs.height)
        let sizeSimilarity = min(widthSimilarity, heightSimilarity)
        guard sizeSimilarity >= 0.80 else { return nil }
        return min(overlap, sizeSimilarity)
    }
 
    private func cgWindowFingerprint(for window: AlignerWindow) -> AXWindowFingerprint? {
        guard let rawWindows = CGWindowListCopyWindowInfo(
            [.optionIncludingWindow],
            CGWindowID(window.id)
        ) as? [[String: Any]],
              let rawWindow = rawWindows.first,
              let ownerPID = int32Value(rawWindow[kCGWindowOwnerPID as String])
        else {
            return nil
        }
 
        return AXWindowFingerprint(
            processIdentifier: ownerPID,
            title: normalizedWindowTitle(title(rawWindow: rawWindow, axWindow: nil)),
            size: bounds(rawWindow[kCGWindowBounds as String]).size
        )
    }
 
    private func axWindowGeometryFingerprint(for window: AlignerWindow) -> AXWindowGeometryFingerprint? {
        guard let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier else { return nil }
        let frame = matchingFrame(for: window)
        return AXWindowGeometryFingerprint(
            processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
            title: normalizedWindowTitle(window.title),
            frame: frame
        )
    }
 
    private func cgWindowFrame(for window: AlignerWindow) -> CGRect? {
        guard let rawWindows = CGWindowListCopyWindowInfo(
            [.optionIncludingWindow],
            CGWindowID(window.id)
        ) as? [[String: Any]],
              let rawWindow = rawWindows.first
        else {
            return nil
        }
 
        return bounds(rawWindow[kCGWindowBounds as String])
    }
 
    private func matchingFrame(for window: AlignerWindow) -> CGRect? {
        if isFinderCGOnlyPageCandidate(window) {
            return window.frame ?? cgWindowFrame(for: window)
        }
 
        return cgWindowFrame(for: window) ?? window.frame
    }
 
    private func matchingAXTitleCandidateCount(
        for window: AlignerWindow,
        in axMetadata: [AXWindowMetadata]
    ) -> Int {
        guard let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier else { return 0 }
        let normalizedTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(window.title)
        return axMetadata.filter { metadata in
            metadata.processIdentifier == processIdentifier
                && normalizedWindowTitle(metadata.title ?? "") == normalizedTitle
        }.count
    }
 
    private func matchingAXSizeCandidateCount(
        for window: AlignerWindow,
        in axMetadata: [AXWindowMetadata]
    ) -> Int {
        guard let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier,
              let cgFingerprint = cgWindowFingerprint(for: window)
        else {
            return 0
        }
 
        return axMetadata.filter { metadata in
            metadata.processIdentifier == processIdentifier
                && Int(metadata.size.width.rounded()) == cgFingerprint.width
                && Int(metadata.size.height.rounded()) == cgFingerprint.height
        }.count
    }
 
    func close(app: AlignerApp) throws -> WindowCloseResult {
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.app.start", [
            "appName": app.name,
            "bundleIdentifier": app.bundleIdentifier,
            "pid": app.processIdentifier
        ])
 
        guard let processIdentifier = app.processIdentifier else {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.app.missingPID", [
                "appName": app.name,
                "bundleIdentifier": app.bundleIdentifier
            ])
            return .appNotFound
        }
        guard let runningApplication = NSRunningApplication(processIdentifier: processIdentifier) else {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.app.missingApplication", [
                "appName": app.name,
                "pid": processIdentifier
            ])
            return .appNotFound
        }
 
        let requested = runningApplication.terminate()
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.app.result", [
            "appName": app.name,
            "pid": processIdentifier,
            "requested": requested
        ])
        return requested ? .requested : .failed("terminateFailed")
    }
 
    private func activateViaPrivateWindowServerAPI(_ window: AlignerWindow) -> PrivateWindowActivationOutcome? {
        guard window.identifierSource == .cgWindow,
              let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier,
              let privateActivationBridge
        else {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.privateActivation.skipped", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "identifierSource": String(describing: window.identifierSource),
                "hasPID": window.app.processIdentifier != nil,
                "bridgeAvailable": privateActivationBridge != nil
            ])
            return nil
        }
 
        let outcome = privateActivationBridge.activate(
            processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
            windowID: window.id
        )
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.privateActivation.result", [
            "windowID": window.id,
            "pid": processIdentifier,
            "getProcessStatus": outcome.getProcessStatus,
            "setFrontError": outcome.setFrontError.map(String.init(describing:)),
            "makeKeyFirstError": outcome.makeKeyFirstError.map(String.init(describing:)),
            "makeKeySecondError": outcome.makeKeySecondError.map(String.init(describing:)),
            "succeeded": outcome.succeeded
        ])
        return outcome
    }
 
    private func focusTargetSpaceIfNeeded(for window: AlignerWindow) -> PrivateSpaceFocusOutcome? {
        guard window.identifierSource == .cgWindow,
              !window.spaceIDs.isEmpty,
              let privateSpaceActivationBridge
        else {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.spaceFocus.skipped", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "identifierSource": String(describing: window.identifierSource),
                "spaceIDCount": window.spaceIDs.count,
                "bridgeAvailable": privateSpaceActivationBridge != nil
            ])
            return nil
        }
 
        let outcome = privateSpaceActivationBridge.focus(spaceIDs: window.spaceIDs)
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.spaceFocus.result", [
            "windowID": window.id,
            "targetSpaceID": outcome?.targetSpaceID,
            "displayIdentifier": outcome?.displayIdentifier,
            "previousCurrentSpaceID": outcome?.previousCurrentSpaceID,
            "didRequestFocus": outcome?.didRequestFocus,
            "error": outcome?.error
        ])
        return outcome
    }
 
    private func windowRecords() throws -> [WindowEnumerationRecord] {
        guard let rawWindows = CGWindowListCopyWindowInfo(
            [.optionAll, .excludeDesktopElements],
            kCGNullWindowID
        ) as? [[String: Any]] else {
            return []
        }
 
        let axWindows = AXWindowMetadataReader.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer)
        var axMetadata: [UInt32: AXWindowMetadata] = [:]
        for metadata in axWindows {
            if let windowID = metadata.windowID {
                axMetadata[windowID] = metadata
            }
        }
        let axBackedTitleKeys = Set(axMetadata.values.compactMap(AXWindowTitleKey.init))
        let cgWindowIDs = Set(rawWindows.compactMap { uint32Value($0[kCGWindowNumber as String]) })
        var fallbackAXMetadataByFingerprint: [AXWindowFingerprint: [AXWindowMetadata]] = [:]
        for metadata in axWindows {
            if let windowID = metadata.windowID, cgWindowIDs.contains(windowID) {
                continue
            }
 
            fallbackAXMetadataByFingerprint[AXWindowFingerprint(metadata), default: []].append(metadata)
        }
        let windowIDs = Array(cgWindowIDs.union(axMetadata.keys))
        let spaceIDsByWindowID = spaceIDsByWindowIDProvider(windowIDs)
        let cgWindowFingerprints = Set(rawWindows.compactMap { rawWindow -> AXWindowFingerprint? in
            guard let ownerPID = int32Value(rawWindow[kCGWindowOwnerPID as String]) else {
                return nil
            }
 
            let windowID = uint32Value(rawWindow[kCGWindowNumber as String])
            let axWindow = windowID.flatMap { axMetadata[$0] }
            return AXWindowFingerprint(
                processIdentifier: ownerPID,
                title: title(rawWindow: rawWindow, axWindow: axWindow),
                size: bounds(rawWindow[kCGWindowBounds as String]).size
            )
        })
        var occupiedWindowIDs = Set(windowIDs)
        var nextRestorableAXWindowsByID: [UInt32: RestorableAXWindow] = [:]
        var consumedAXMetadata = Set<AXWindowIdentity>()
 
        let cgRecords: [WindowEnumerationRecord] = rawWindows.compactMap { rawWindow in
            guard let windowID = uint32Value(rawWindow[kCGWindowNumber as String]) else {
                return nil
            }
 
            let rawBounds = bounds(rawWindow[kCGWindowBounds as String])
            let ownerPID = int32Value(rawWindow[kCGWindowOwnerPID as String])
            let runningApplication = ownerPID.flatMap(NSRunningApplication.init(processIdentifier:))
            let rawFingerprint = ownerPID.map {
                AXWindowFingerprint(
                    processIdentifier: $0,
                    title: title(rawWindow: rawWindow, axWindow: nil),
                    size: rawBounds.size
                )
            }
            let directAXWindow = axMetadata[windowID]
            let fallbackAXWindow = rawFingerprint.flatMap { fingerprint in
                fallbackAXMetadataByFingerprint[fingerprint]?.first { metadata in
                    !consumedAXMetadata.contains(AXWindowIdentity(metadata))
                }
            }
            let axWindow = directAXWindow ?? fallbackAXWindow
            let spaceIDs = spaceIDsByWindowID[windowID] ?? []
            let hasAXBackedTitleDuplicate = axWindow == nil
                && ownerPID.flatMap { AXWindowTitleKey(processIdentifier: $0, title: title(rawWindow: rawWindow, axWindow: nil)) }
                    .map { axBackedTitleKeys.contains($0) } == true
            let app = app(from: runningApplication, rawWindow: rawWindow, ownerPID: ownerPID)
            let record = WindowEnumerationRecord(
                id: windowID,
                app: app,
                activationPolicy: activationPolicy(from: runningApplication),
                title: title(rawWindow: rawWindow, axWindow: axWindow),
                size: rawBounds.size,
                frame: rawBounds,
                subrole: axWindow?.subrole ?? .standard,
                isMinimized: axWindow?.isMinimized ?? false,
                isFullscreen: !Set(spaceIDs).isDisjoint(with: fullscreenSpaceIDs),
                isGhost: isGhost(
                    rawWindow: rawWindow,
                    axWindow: axWindow,
                    app: app,
                    spaceIDs: spaceIDs,
                    hasAXBackedTitleDuplicate: hasAXBackedTitleDuplicate
                ),
                isDesktopElement: isDesktopElement(rawWindow: rawWindow, app: app),
                isSystemCritical: isSystemCritical(rawWindow: rawWindow, app: app),
                isInteractable: axWindow?.isInteractable ?? true,
                hasAXBacking: axWindow != nil,
                isOnscreen: boolValue(rawWindow[kCGWindowIsOnscreen as String]),
                spaceIDs: spaceIDs
            )
 
            if axWindow?.isMinimized == true, let axWindow {
                nextRestorableAXWindowsByID[windowID] = RestorableAXWindow(
                    processIdentifier: axWindow.processIdentifier,
                    element: axWindow.element
                )
            }
            if let axWindow, !record.isGhost {
                consumedAXMetadata.insert(AXWindowIdentity(axWindow))
            }
 
            return record
        }
 
        var axOnlyRecords: [WindowEnumerationRecord] = []
        for axWindow in axMetadata.values where axWindow.isMinimized {
            guard let windowID = axWindow.windowID else { continue }
            nextRestorableAXWindowsByID[windowID] = RestorableAXWindow(
                processIdentifier: axWindow.processIdentifier,
                element: axWindow.element
            )
        }
 
        for axWindow in axWindows {
            guard !consumedAXMetadata.contains(AXWindowIdentity(axWindow)) else { continue }
            guard axWindow.subrole.isExplicitlySupported else { continue }
            guard axWindow.hasExplicitSubrole else { continue }
 
            let resolvedWindowID: UInt32
            let identifierSource: AlignerWindow.IdentifierSource
            if let windowID = axWindow.windowID {
                guard !cgWindowIDs.contains(windowID) else { continue }
                resolvedWindowID = windowID
                identifierSource = .cgWindow
            } else if shouldCreateSyntheticAXFallback(for: axWindow) {
                guard !cgWindowFingerprints.contains(AXWindowFingerprint(axWindow)) else { continue }
 
                resolvedWindowID = MinimizedWindowFallbackPolicy.syntheticWindowID(
                    processIdentifier: axWindow.processIdentifier,
                    windowIndex: axWindow.windowIndex,
                    title: axWindow.title ?? "",
                    subroleDescription: axWindow.subrole.fallbackDescription,
                    occupiedWindowIDs: occupiedWindowIDs
                )
                occupiedWindowIDs.insert(resolvedWindowID)
                identifierSource = .syntheticAX
            } else {
                continue
            }
 
            let spaceIDs = spaceIDsByWindowID[resolvedWindowID] ?? []
            let isFullscreen = !Set(spaceIDs).isDisjoint(with: fullscreenSpaceIDs)
            guard WindowEnumerationPolicy.shouldIncludeAXOnlyRecord(
                identifierSource: identifierSource,
                isMinimized: axWindow.isMinimized,
                isFullscreen: isFullscreen,
                spaceIDs: spaceIDs
            ) else {
                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowEnumeration.axOnly.lowConfidenceSkipped", [
                    "windowID": resolvedWindowID,
                    "pid": axWindow.processIdentifier,
                    "appName": axWindow.app.name,
                    "bundleIdentifier": axWindow.app.bundleIdentifier,
                    "titleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(axWindow.title ?? ""),
                    "titleLength": axWindow.title?.count ?? 0,
                    "identifierSource": String(describing: identifierSource),
                    "isMinimized": axWindow.isMinimized,
                    "isFullscreen": isFullscreen,
                    "spaceIDCount": spaceIDs.count
                ])
                continue
            }
            if axWindow.isMinimized {
                nextRestorableAXWindowsByID[resolvedWindowID] = RestorableAXWindow(
                    processIdentifier: axWindow.processIdentifier,
                    element: axWindow.element
                )
            }
            axOnlyRecords.append(WindowEnumerationRecord(
                id: resolvedWindowID,
                app: axWindow.app,
                activationPolicy: axWindow.activationPolicy,
                title: axWindow.title ?? "",
                identifierSource: identifierSource,
                size: axWindow.size,
                frame: axWindow.frame,
                subrole: axWindow.subrole,
                isMinimized: axWindow.isMinimized,
                isFullscreen: isFullscreen,
                isGhost: false,
                isDesktopElement: false,
                isSystemCritical: isSystemCritical(app: axWindow.app),
                isInteractable: axWindow.isInteractable,
                hasAXBacking: true,
                isOnscreen: false,
                spaceIDs: spaceIDs
            ))
        }
 
        restorableAXWindowsByID = nextRestorableAXWindowsByID
        let records = cgRecords + axOnlyRecords
        let attributedRecords = FinderTabSpaceAttributionPolicy.attributedRecords(records)
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowEnumeration.finderTabSpaceAttribution", [
            "finderNoSpaceCandidateCount": records.filter { record in
                record.app.bundleIdentifier == "com.apple.finder"
                    && record.identifierSource == .cgWindow
                    && record.spaceIDs.isEmpty
                    && !record.title.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).isEmpty
                    && record.frame?.isEmpty == false
            }.count,
            "finderFullscreenHostCount": records.filter { record in
                record.app.bundleIdentifier == "com.apple.finder"
                    && record.isFullscreen
                    && !record.spaceIDs.isEmpty
                    && record.subrole == .standard
                    && record.frame?.isEmpty == false
            }.count,
            "attributedCount": zip(records, attributedRecords).filter { before, after in
                before.spaceIDs.isEmpty && !after.spaceIDs.isEmpty
            }.count,
            "attributedWindowIDs": zip(records, attributedRecords).compactMap { before, after in
                before.spaceIDs.isEmpty && !after.spaceIDs.isEmpty ? after.id : nil
            }
        ])
        return attributedRecords
    }
 
    private func app(
        from runningApplication: NSRunningApplication?,
        rawWindow: [String: Any],
        ownerPID: Int32?
    ) -> AlignerApp {
        let bundleIdentifier = runningApplication?.bundleIdentifier ?? ""
        let name = runningApplication?.localizedName
            ?? stringValue(rawWindow[kCGWindowOwnerName as String])
            ?? "Unknown"
        let provisionalApp = AlignerApp(
            bundleIdentifier: bundleIdentifier,
            name: name,
            category: .generic,
            isHidden: runningApplication?.isHidden ?? false,
            executablePath: runningApplication?.bundleURL?.path,
            processIdentifier: ownerPID
        )
 
        return AlignerApp(
            bundleIdentifier: provisionalApp.bundleIdentifier,
            name: provisionalApp.name,
            category: appCategorizer.category(for: provisionalApp),
            isHidden: provisionalApp.isHidden,
            executablePath: provisionalApp.executablePath,
            processIdentifier: provisionalApp.processIdentifier
        )
    }
 
    private func activateApplication(for window: AlignerWindow) -> Bool {
        guard
            let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier
        else {
            return false
        }
 
        return activateApplication(processIdentifier: processIdentifier)
    }
 
    private func activateApplication(processIdentifier: Int32) -> Bool {
        guard let application = NSRunningApplication(processIdentifier: processIdentifier) else {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activateApplication.missingApplication", [
                "pid": processIdentifier
            ])
            return false
        }
 
        let activated = application.activate(options: [.activateAllWindows])
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activateApplication", [
            "pid": processIdentifier,
            "localizedName": application.localizedName,
            "bundleIdentifier": application.bundleIdentifier,
            "activationPolicy": application.activationPolicy.rawValue,
            "activateOptions": "activateAllWindows",
            "isActive": application.isActive,
            "result": activated
        ])
        return activated
    }
 
    private func retryFocusMainRaiseWindow(
        for window: AlignerWindow,
        delay: TimeInterval,
        matchAttempt: String
    ) -> WindowFocusAttempt? {
        if delay > 0 {
            Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: delay)
        }
 
        let retryMetadata = AXWindowMetadataReader.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer)
        guard let retryAXWindow = axWindow(
            for: window,
            in: retryMetadata,
            operation: "windowActivation",
            matchAttempt: matchAttempt
        ) else {
            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.retryAXLookupMissing", [
                "windowID": window.id,
                "pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
                "attempt": matchAttempt,
                "candidateCount": retryMetadata.filter { $0.processIdentifier == window.app.processIdentifier }.count,
                "matchingTitleCandidateCount": matchingAXTitleCandidateCount(for: window, in: retryMetadata),
                "matchingSizeCandidateCount": matchingAXSizeCandidateCount(for: window, in: retryMetadata)
            ])
            return nil
        }
 
        let attempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(
            retryAXWindow.element,
            processIdentifier: retryAXWindow.processIdentifier
        )
        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.retryAXFocus", [
            "windowID": window.id,
            "pid": retryAXWindow.processIdentifier,
            "attempt": matchAttempt,
            "matchedWindowID": retryAXWindow.windowID,
            "matchedTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(retryAXWindow.title),
            "focused": attempt.focused.success,
            "focusAXError": String(describing: attempt.focused.error),
            "main": attempt.main.success,
            "mainAXError": String(describing: attempt.main.error),
            "raised": attempt.raised.success,
            "raiseAXError": String(describing: attempt.raised.error)
        ])
        return attempt
    }
 
    private func focusMainRaiseWindowResult(
        _ window: AXUIElement,
        processIdentifier: Int32
    ) -> WindowFocusAttempt {
        WindowFocusAttempt(
            focused: focusWindowResult(window, processIdentifier: processIdentifier),
            main: mainWindowResult(window),
            raised: raiseWindowResult(window)
        )
    }
 
    private func focusWindowResult(_ window: AXUIElement, processIdentifier: Int32) -> AXActionResult {
        let appElement = AXUIElementCreateApplication(processIdentifier)
        let error = AXUIElementSetAttributeValue(
            appElement,
            kAXFocusedWindowAttribute as CFString,
            window
        )
        return AXActionResult(error: error)
    }
 
    private func mainWindowResult(_ window: AXUIElement) -> AXActionResult {
        let error = AXUIElementSetAttributeValue(
            window,
            kAXMainAttribute as CFString,
            kCFBooleanTrue
        )
        return AXActionResult(error: error)
    }
 
    private func raiseWindowResult(_ window: AXUIElement) -> AXActionResult {
        AXActionResult(error: AXUIElementPerformAction(window, kAXRaiseAction as CFString))
    }
 
    private static func elapsedMilliseconds(since startedAt: TimeInterval) -> Int {
        milliseconds(ProcessInfo.processInfo.systemUptime - startedAt)
    }
 
    private static func milliseconds(_ interval: TimeInterval) -> Int {
        Int((max(0, interval) * 1_000).rounded())
    }
 
    private func activationPolicy(from runningApplication: NSRunningApplication?) -> AlignerActivationPolicy {
        guard let runningApplication else { return .unknown }
 
        switch runningApplication.activationPolicy {
        case .regular:
            return .regular
        case .accessory:
            return .accessory
        case .prohibited:
            return .prohibited
        @unknown default:
            return .unknown
        }
    }
 
    private func title(rawWindow: [String: Any], axWindow: AXWindowMetadata?) -> String {
        if let axTitle = axWindow?.title, !axTitle.isEmpty {
            return axTitle
        }
 
        return stringValue(rawWindow[kCGWindowName as String]) ?? ""
    }
 
    private func isGhost(
        rawWindow: [String: Any],
        axWindow: AXWindowMetadata?,
        app: AlignerApp,
        spaceIDs: [UInt64],
        hasAXBackedTitleDuplicate: Bool = false
    ) -> Bool {
        let layer = intValue(rawWindow[kCGWindowLayer as String]) ?? 0
        let alpha = doubleValue(rawWindow[kCGWindowAlpha as String]) ?? 1
        let isOnscreen = boolValue(rawWindow[kCGWindowIsOnscreen as String])
        let rawTitle = stringValue(rawWindow[kCGWindowName as String]) ?? ""
        let rawBounds = bounds(rawWindow[kCGWindowBounds as String])
 
        if axWindow?.isMinimized == true {
            return false
        }
        if axWindow != nil {
            if alpha <= 0 {
                return true
            }
            if layer == 0 {
                return false
            }
 
            return !isOnscreen
        }
        if hasAXBackedTitleDuplicate {
            return true
        }
        if isKnownCGOnlyMainWindow(rawWindow: rawWindow, app: app) {
            return false
        }
        if !spaceIDs.isEmpty, isLikelyFullscreenAuxiliaryCGWindow(bounds: rawBounds) {
            return true
        }
        if rawTitle.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).isEmpty, alpha < 0.99 {
            return true
        }
        if !spaceIDs.isEmpty {
            return layer != 0 || alpha <= 0
        }
 
        return layer != 0 || alpha <= 0 || !isOnscreen
    }
 
    private func isLikelyFullscreenAuxiliaryCGWindow(bounds: CGRect) -> Bool {
        bounds.width < 500 || bounds.height < 160
    }
 
    private func isKnownCGOnlyMainWindow(rawWindow: [String: Any], app: AlignerApp) -> Bool {
        let layer = intValue(rawWindow[kCGWindowLayer as String]) ?? 0
        let alpha = doubleValue(rawWindow[kCGWindowAlpha as String]) ?? 1
        let isOnscreen = boolValue(rawWindow[kCGWindowIsOnscreen as String])
        let title = stringValue(rawWindow[kCGWindowName as String]) ?? ""
        let rawBounds = bounds(rawWindow[kCGWindowBounds as String])
        let trimmedTitle = title.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
 
        if app.bundleIdentifier == "cc.ffitch.shottr" {
            return isOnscreen
                && alpha > 0
                && trimmedTitle == "Shottr"
                && rawBounds.width > WindowEnumerationPolicy.minimumVisibleWidth
                && rawBounds.height > WindowEnumerationPolicy.minimumVisibleHeight
        }
 
        if app.bundleIdentifier == "com.apple.finder" {
            return layer == 0
                && alpha > 0
                && !trimmedTitle.isEmpty
                && rawBounds.width > WindowEnumerationPolicy.minimumVisibleWidth
                && rawBounds.height > WindowEnumerationPolicy.minimumVisibleHeight
        }
 
        guard app.bundleIdentifier == "io.dcloud.HBuilderX" else { return false }
 
        return layer == 0
            && alpha > 0
            && !isOnscreen
            && !trimmedTitle.isEmpty
            && rawBounds.width > WindowEnumerationPolicy.minimumVisibleWidth
            && rawBounds.height > WindowEnumerationPolicy.minimumVisibleHeight
    }
 
    private func isDesktopElement(rawWindow: [String: Any], app: AlignerApp) -> Bool {
        guard app.bundleIdentifier == "com.apple.finder" else { return false }
        let title = stringValue(rawWindow[kCGWindowName as String]) ?? ""
        let ownerName = stringValue(rawWindow[kCGWindowOwnerName as String]) ?? ""
        return title == "Desktop" || ownerName == "Dock"
    }
 
    private func isSystemCritical(rawWindow: [String: Any], app: AlignerApp) -> Bool {
        let title = stringValue(rawWindow[kCGWindowName as String]) ?? ""
        return SystemCriticalWindowClassifier.isSystemCritical(app: app)
            || SystemCriticalWindowClassifier.isSystemCriticalTitle(title)
    }
 
    private func isSystemCritical(app: AlignerApp) -> Bool {
        SystemCriticalWindowClassifier.isSystemCritical(app: app)
    }
 
    private func shouldCreateSyntheticAXFallback(for axWindow: AXWindowMetadata) -> Bool {
        MinimizedWindowFallbackPolicy.shouldCreateAXOnlyFallback(
            hasCGWindowID: axWindow.windowID != nil,
            isMinimized: axWindow.isMinimized
        )
    }
 
    private static func restoreResultString(_ result: WindowRestoreResult) -> String {
        switch result {
        case .restored:
            return "restored"
        case .windowNotFound:
            return "windowNotFound"
        case .unsupported:
            return "unsupported"
        case .activationFailed:
            return "activationFailed"
        }
    }
 
    private static let commandWVirtualKeyCode: CGKeyCode = 13
    private static let rightBracketVirtualKeyCode: CGKeyCode = 30
    private static let tabVirtualKeyCode: CGKeyCode = 48
    private static let finderNextTabShortcuts: [KeyboardShortcut] = [
        KeyboardShortcut(name: "controlTab", keyCode: tabVirtualKeyCode, flags: .maskControl),
        KeyboardShortcut(name: "commandShiftRightBracket", keyCode: rightBracketVirtualKeyCode, flags: [.maskCommand, .maskShift])
    ]
}
 
private struct AXWindowMetadata {
    let windowID: UInt32?
    let app: AlignerApp
    let activationPolicy: AlignerActivationPolicy
    let title: String?
    let isMinimized: Bool
    let size: CGSize
    let frame: CGRect?
    let subrole: AlignerWindowSubrole
    let hasExplicitSubrole: Bool
    let isInteractable: Bool
    let processIdentifier: Int32
    let windowIndex: Int
    let element: AXUIElement
}
 
private struct AXWindowIdentity: Hashable {
    let processIdentifier: Int32
    let windowID: UInt32?
    let windowIndex: Int
 
    init(_ metadata: AXWindowMetadata) {
        processIdentifier = metadata.processIdentifier
        windowID = metadata.windowID
        windowIndex = metadata.windowIndex
    }
}
 
private struct AXWindowTitleKey: Hashable {
    let processIdentifier: Int32
    let title: String
 
    init?(processIdentifier: Int32, title: String?) {
        let normalizedTitle = title?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
        guard !normalizedTitle.isEmpty else { return nil }
 
        self.processIdentifier = processIdentifier
        self.title = normalizedTitle
    }
 
    init?(_ metadata: AXWindowMetadata) {
        self.init(processIdentifier: metadata.processIdentifier, title: metadata.title)
    }
}
 
private struct AXWindowFingerprint: Hashable {
    let processIdentifier: Int32
    let title: String
    let width: Int
    let height: Int
 
    init(processIdentifier: Int32, title: String, size: CGSize) {
        self.processIdentifier = processIdentifier
        self.title = title
        self.width = Int(size.width.rounded())
        self.height = Int(size.height.rounded())
    }
 
    init(_ metadata: AXWindowMetadata) {
        self.init(
            processIdentifier: metadata.processIdentifier,
            title: metadata.title ?? "",
            size: metadata.size
        )
    }
}
 
private struct AXWindowGeometryFingerprint: Hashable {
    let processIdentifier: Int32
    let title: String
    let x: Int
    let y: Int
    let width: Int
    let height: Int
 
    init?(processIdentifier: Int32, title: String, frame: CGRect?) {
        guard let frame else { return nil }
 
        self.processIdentifier = processIdentifier
        self.title = title
        self.x = Int(frame.origin.x.rounded())
        self.y = Int(frame.origin.y.rounded())
        self.width = Int(frame.size.width.rounded())
        self.height = Int(frame.size.height.rounded())
    }
 
    init?(_ metadata: AXWindowMetadata) {
        self.init(
            processIdentifier: metadata.processIdentifier,
            title: normalizedWindowTitle(metadata.title ?? ""),
            frame: metadata.frame
        )
    }
}
 
private struct RestorableAXWindow {
    let processIdentifier: Int32
    let element: AXUIElement
}
 
private struct AXActionResult {
    let error: AXError
 
    var success: Bool {
        error == .success
    }
}
 
private enum AXWindowRestoreError: Error {
    case setMinimizedFailed(AXError)
    case raiseFailed(AXError)
}
 
private enum AXWindowMetadataReader {
    static func metadata(appCategorizer: any AppCategorizer) -> [AXWindowMetadata] {
        var result: [AXWindowMetadata] = []
 
        for application in NSWorkspace.shared.runningApplications {
            guard application.activationPolicy == .regular else { continue }
            let app = app(from: application, appCategorizer: appCategorizer)
 
            let appElement = AXUIElementCreateApplication(application.processIdentifier)
            let windows = windows(for: appElement)
            guard !windows.isEmpty else { continue }
 
            for (windowIndex, window) in windows.enumerated() {
                let subrole = subrole(for: window)
                let size = size(for: window)
                let position = position(for: window)
                result.append(AXWindowMetadata(
                    windowID: windowID(for: window),
                    app: app,
                    activationPolicy: activationPolicy(from: application),
                    title: title(for: window),
                    isMinimized: boolAttribute(kAXMinimizedAttribute as String, for: window) ?? false,
                    size: size,
                    frame: position.map { CGRect(origin: $0, size: size) },
                    subrole: subrole.value,
                    hasExplicitSubrole: subrole.isExplicit,
                    isInteractable: boolAttribute(kAXEnabledAttribute as String, for: window) ?? true,
                    processIdentifier: application.processIdentifier,
                    windowIndex: windowIndex,
                    element: window
                ))
            }
        }
 
        return result
    }
 
    private static func windows(for appElement: AXUIElement) -> [AXUIElement] {
        var result: [AXUIElement] = []
        var seen = Set<AXWindowElementKey>()
 
        func append(_ window: AXUIElement) {
            let key = AXWindowElementKey(window)
            guard !seen.contains(key) else { return }
            seen.insert(key)
            result.append(window)
        }
 
        var windowsValue: CFTypeRef?
        if AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(appElement, kAXWindowsAttribute as CFString, &windowsValue) == .success,
           let windows = windowsValue as? [AXUIElement] {
            windows.forEach(append)
        }
 
        for attribute in [kAXFocusedWindowAttribute, kAXMainWindowAttribute] {
            var windowValue: CFTypeRef?
            guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(appElement, attribute as CFString, &windowValue) == .success,
                  let window = windowValue,
                  CFGetTypeID(window) == AXUIElementGetTypeID()
            else {
                continue
            }
 
            append(window as! AXUIElement)
        }
 
        return result
    }
 
    private static func app(
        from application: NSRunningApplication,
        appCategorizer: any AppCategorizer
    ) -> AlignerApp {
        let provisionalApp = AlignerApp(
            bundleIdentifier: application.bundleIdentifier ?? "",
            name: application.localizedName ?? "Unknown",
            category: .generic,
            isHidden: application.isHidden,
            executablePath: application.bundleURL?.path,
            processIdentifier: application.processIdentifier
        )
 
        return AlignerApp(
            bundleIdentifier: provisionalApp.bundleIdentifier,
            name: provisionalApp.name,
            category: appCategorizer.category(for: provisionalApp),
            isHidden: provisionalApp.isHidden,
            executablePath: provisionalApp.executablePath,
            processIdentifier: provisionalApp.processIdentifier
        )
    }
 
    private static func activationPolicy(from application: NSRunningApplication) -> AlignerActivationPolicy {
        switch application.activationPolicy {
        case .regular:
            return .regular
        case .accessory:
            return .accessory
        case .prohibited:
            return .prohibited
        @unknown default:
            return .unknown
        }
    }
 
    private static func windowID(for window: AXUIElement) -> UInt32? {
        var value: CFTypeRef?
        if AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(window, "AXWindowNumber" as CFString, &value) == .success,
           let windowID = uint32Value(value) {
            return windowID
        }
 
        return PrivateAXWindowIDReader.windowID(for: window)
    }
 
    private static func title(for window: AXUIElement) -> String? {
        var value: CFTypeRef?
        guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(window, kAXTitleAttribute as CFString, &value) == .success else {
            return nil
        }
 
        return value as? String
    }
 
    private static func boolAttribute(_ attribute: String, for window: AXUIElement) -> Bool? {
        var value: CFTypeRef?
        guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(window, attribute as CFString, &value) == .success else {
            return nil
        }
 
        return boolValue(value)
    }
 
    private static func size(for window: AXUIElement) -> CGSize {
        var value: CFTypeRef?
        guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(window, kAXSizeAttribute as CFString, &value) == .success,
              let axValue = value,
              CFGetTypeID(axValue) == AXValueGetTypeID()
        else {
            return .zero
        }
 
        var size = CGSize.zero
        guard AXValueGetValue(axValue as! AXValue, .cgSize, &size) else {
            return .zero
        }
 
        return size
    }
 
    private static func position(for window: AXUIElement) -> CGPoint? {
        var value: CFTypeRef?
        guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(window, kAXPositionAttribute as CFString, &value) == .success,
              let axValue = value,
              CFGetTypeID(axValue) == AXValueGetTypeID()
        else {
            return nil
        }
 
        var position = CGPoint.zero
        guard AXValueGetValue(axValue as! AXValue, .cgPoint, &position) else {
            return nil
        }
 
        return position
    }
 
    private static func subrole(for window: AXUIElement) -> (value: AlignerWindowSubrole, isExplicit: Bool) {
        var value: CFTypeRef?
        guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(window, kAXSubroleAttribute as CFString, &value) == .success,
              let subrole = value as? String
        else {
            return (.standard, false)
        }
 
        switch subrole {
        case "AXStandardWindow":
            return (.standard, true)
        case "AXDialog", "AXModalDialog":
            return (.dialog, true)
        case "AXSheet":
            return (.sheet, true)
        default:
            return (.unknown(subrole), true)
        }
    }
}
 
private struct AXWindowElementKey: Hashable {
    private let typeID: CFTypeID
    private let pointer: UInt
    private let windowID: UInt32?
 
    init(_ element: AXUIElement) {
        self.typeID = CFGetTypeID(element)
        self.pointer = UInt(bitPattern: Unmanaged.passUnretained(element).toOpaque())
        self.windowID = PrivateAXWindowIDReader.windowID(for: element)
    }
 
    static func == (lhs: AXWindowElementKey, rhs: AXWindowElementKey) -> Bool {
        if let lhsWindowID = lhs.windowID,
           let rhsWindowID = rhs.windowID {
            return lhsWindowID == rhsWindowID
        }
 
        return lhs.typeID == rhs.typeID && lhs.pointer == rhs.pointer
    }
 
    func hash(into hasher: inout Hasher) {
        if let windowID {
            hasher.combine("windowID")
            hasher.combine(windowID)
            return
        }
 
        hasher.combine("pointer")
        hasher.combine(typeID)
        hasher.combine(pointer)
    }
}
 
private extension AlignerWindowSubrole {
    var isExplicitlySupported: Bool {
        switch self {
        case .standard, .dialog, .sheet:
            return true
        case .unknown:
            return false
        }
    }
 
    var fallbackDescription: String {
        switch self {
        case .standard:
            return "standard"
        case .dialog:
            return "dialog"
        case .sheet:
            return "sheet"
        case .unknown(let rawValue):
            return rawValue
        }
    }
}
 
private func bounds(_ value: Any?) -> CGRect {
    guard let dictionary = value as? NSDictionary else {
        return .zero
    }
 
    var rect = CGRect.zero
    CGRectMakeWithDictionaryRepresentation(dictionary as CFDictionary, &rect)
    return rect
}
 
private func stringValue(_ value: Any?) -> String? {
    value as? String
}
 
private func normalizedWindowTitle(_ title: String) -> String {
    title.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
}
 
private func boolValue(_ value: Any?) -> Bool {
    switch value {
    case let bool as Bool:
        return bool
    case let number as NSNumber:
        return number.boolValue
    default:
        return false
    }
}
 
private func intValue(_ value: Any?) -> Int? {
    switch value {
    case let number as NSNumber:
        return number.intValue
    case let int as Int:
        return int
    default:
        return nil
    }
}
 
private func int32Value(_ value: Any?) -> Int32? {
    switch value {
    case let number as NSNumber:
        return number.int32Value
    case let int32 as Int32:
        return int32
    case let int as Int:
        return Int32(int)
    default:
        return nil
    }
}
 
private func uint32Value(_ value: Any?) -> UInt32? {
    switch value {
    case let number as NSNumber:
        return number.uint32Value
    case let uint32 as UInt32:
        return uint32
    case let int as Int where int >= 0:
        return UInt32(int)
    default:
        return nil
    }
}
 
private func doubleValue(_ value: Any?) -> Double? {
    switch value {
    case let number as NSNumber:
        return number.doubleValue
    case let double as Double:
        return double
    default:
        return nil
    }
}