crazy-macs/aligner.git

			@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
			import AppKit
			import ApplicationServices
			@preconcurrency import ApplicationServices
			import CoreGraphics
			import Foundation
			import AlignerCore

			final class CGWindowAXWindowService: WindowServiceProtocol, WindowRestorationServiceProtocol, WindowActivationServiceProtocol {
			final class CGWindowAXWindowService: WindowServiceProtocol, WindowRestorationServiceProtocol, WindowActivationServiceProtocol, WindowCloseServiceProtocol {
			weak var delegate: WindowServiceDelegate?

			private let appCategorizer: any AppCategorizer
			@@ -13,6 +13,62 @@
			private let privateActivationBridge: PrivateWindowActivationBridge?
			private let privateSpaceActivationBridge: PrivateSpaceActivationBridge?
			private var restorableAXWindowsByID: [UInt32: RestorableAXWindow] = [:]

			private struct FinderTabControl {
			let button: AXUIElement
			let tabGroup: AXUIElement?
			}

			private struct KeyboardShortcut {
			let name: String
			let keyCode: CGKeyCode
			let flags: CGEventFlags
			}

			private struct FinderTabActivationBudget {
			let startedAt: TimeInterval
			let limit: TimeInterval

			init(limit: TimeInterval) {
			startedAt = ProcessInfo.processInfo.systemUptime
			self.limit = limit
			}

			var elapsed: TimeInterval {
			ProcessInfo.processInfo.systemUptime - startedAt
			}

			var elapsedMilliseconds: Int {
			CGWindowAXWindowService.milliseconds(elapsed)
			}

			var remaining: TimeInterval {
			max(0, limit - elapsed)
			}

			var isExhausted: Bool {
			remaining <= 0
			}
			}

			private struct WindowFocusAttempt {
			let focused: AXActionResult
			let main: AXActionResult
			let raised: AXActionResult

			var success: Bool {
			focused.success \|\| main.success \|\| raised.success
			}
			}

			private static let finderTabActivationBudgetLimit: TimeInterval = 1.50
			private static let finderTabCycleMaximumAttempts = 5
			private static let finderTabHostRepresentationScanLimit = 5
			private static let finderTabFastTitleMatchAttempts = 4
			private static let finderTabFastTitleMatchDelay: TimeInterval = 0.03
			private static let finderTabWindowMenuVerificationInitialDelay: TimeInterval = 0.08
			private static let finderTabWindowMenuVerificationAttempts = 8
			private static let finderTabWindowMenuVerificationDelay: TimeInterval = 0.04

			init(
			spaceIDsByWindowIDProvider: @escaping ([UInt32]) -> [UInt32: [UInt64]],
			@@ -71,51 +127,49 @@
			throw AXWindowRestoreError.setMinimizedFailed(minimizeResult)
			}

			let focusedBeforeActivateResult = focusWindowResult(
			let beforeActivateAttempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(
			restorableWindow.element,
			processIdentifier: restorableWindow.processIdentifier
			)
			let raisedBeforeActivateResult = raiseWindowResult(restorableWindow.element)
			let focusedBeforeActivate = focusedBeforeActivateResult.success
			let raisedBeforeActivate = raisedBeforeActivateResult.success

			guard activateApplication(processIdentifier: restorableWindow.processIdentifier) else {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.restore.activateApplicationFailed", [
			"windowID": windowID,
			"pid": restorableWindow.processIdentifier,
			"focusedBeforeActivate": focusedBeforeActivate,
			"focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: focusedBeforeActivateResult.error),
			"raisedBeforeActivate": raisedBeforeActivate,
			"raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: raisedBeforeActivateResult.error)
			"focusedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.focused.success,
			"focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.focused.error),
			"mainBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.main.success,
			"mainBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.main.error),
			"raisedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.raised.success,
			"raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.raised.error)
			])
			return .activationFailed
			}

			let focusedAfterActivateResult = focusWindowResult(
			let afterActivateAttempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(
			restorableWindow.element,
			processIdentifier: restorableWindow.processIdentifier
			)
			let raisedAfterActivateResult = raiseWindowResult(restorableWindow.element)
			let focusedAfterActivate = focusedAfterActivateResult.success
			let raisedAfterActivate = raisedAfterActivateResult.success

			let restored = focusedBeforeActivate \|\| focusedAfterActivate \|\| raisedBeforeActivate \|\| raisedAfterActivate
			let restored = beforeActivateAttempt.success \|\| afterActivateAttempt.success
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.restore.end", [
			"windowID": windowID,
			"pid": restorableWindow.processIdentifier,
			"focusedBeforeActivate": focusedBeforeActivate,
			"focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: focusedBeforeActivateResult.error),
			"raisedBeforeActivate": raisedBeforeActivate,
			"raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: raisedBeforeActivateResult.error),
			"focusedAfterActivate": focusedAfterActivate,
			"focusAfterAXError": String(describing: focusedAfterActivateResult.error),
			"raisedAfterActivate": raisedAfterActivate,
			"raiseAfterAXError": String(describing: raisedAfterActivateResult.error),
			"focusedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.focused.success,
			"focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.focused.error),
			"mainBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.main.success,
			"mainBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.main.error),
			"raisedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.raised.success,
			"raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.raised.error),
			"focusedAfterActivate": afterActivateAttempt.focused.success,
			"focusAfterAXError": String(describing: afterActivateAttempt.focused.error),
			"mainAfterActivate": afterActivateAttempt.main.success,
			"mainAfterAXError": String(describing: afterActivateAttempt.main.error),
			"raisedAfterActivate": afterActivateAttempt.raised.success,
			"raiseAfterAXError": String(describing: afterActivateAttempt.raised.error),
			"result": restored ? "restored" : "activationFailed"
			])
			return focusedBeforeActivate \|\| focusedAfterActivate \|\| raisedBeforeActivate \|\| raisedAfterActivate
			? .restored
			: .activationFailed
			return restored ? .restored : .activationFailed
			}

			func activate(window: AlignerWindow) throws -> WindowActivationResult {
			@@ -162,16 +216,13 @@
			let privateActivationOutcome = activateViaPrivateWindowServerAPI(window)
			let didPrivatelyActivate = privateActivationOutcome?.succeeded == true

			let axWindow = AXWindowMetadataReader
			.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer)
			.first { metadata in
			if let windowID = metadata.windowID {
			return windowID == window.id
			}

			return metadata.processIdentifier == window.app.processIdentifier
			&& metadata.title == window.title
			}
			let currentAXMetadata = AXWindowMetadataReader.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer)
			let axWindow = axWindow(
			for: window,
			in: currentAXMetadata,
			operation: "windowActivation",
			matchAttempt: "initial"
			)

			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.axLookup", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			@@ -192,69 +243,1429 @@
			"spaceFocusError": spaceFocusOutcome?.error
			])
			guard let axWindow else {
			if let finderTabActivated = activateFinderTabPageIfNeeded(
			window: window,
			axMetadata: currentAXMetadata,
			operation: "windowActivation",
			reason: "axMissing"
			) {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.finderTabResult", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
			"activated": finderTabActivated
			])
			return finderTabActivated ? .activated : .activationFailed
			}

			let activated = activateApplication(for: window)
			let retryAttempt = activated
			? retryFocusMainRaiseWindow(
			for: window,
			delay: 0.10,
			matchAttempt: "axMissingPostActivate"
			)
			: nil
			let retrySucceeded = retryAttempt?.success ?? false
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.axMissing", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"appName": window.app.name,
			"pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
			"privateActivated": didPrivatelyActivate,
			"applicationActivated": activated,
			"result": didPrivatelyActivate ? "activated" : (activated ? "appActivatedOnly" : "windowNotFound")
			"retryFocused": retryAttempt?.focused.success,
			"retryFocusAXError": retryAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.focused.error) },
			"retryMain": retryAttempt?.main.success,
			"retryMainAXError": retryAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.main.error) },
			"retryRaised": retryAttempt?.raised.success,
			"retryRaiseAXError": retryAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.raised.error) },
			"result": (didPrivatelyActivate \|\| retrySucceeded) ? "activated" : (activated ? "appActivatedOnly" : "windowNotFound")
			])
			if didPrivatelyActivate {
			if didPrivatelyActivate \|\| retrySucceeded {
			return .activated
			}

			return activated ? .appActivatedOnly : .windowNotFound
			}

			let focusedBeforeActivateResult = focusWindowResult(
			let beforeActivateAttempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(
			axWindow.element,
			processIdentifier: axWindow.processIdentifier
			)
			let raisedBeforeActivateResult = raiseWindowResult(axWindow.element)
			let focusedBeforeActivate = focusedBeforeActivateResult.success
			let raisedBeforeActivate = raisedBeforeActivateResult.success

			guard didPrivatelyActivate \|\| activateApplication(for: window) else {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.applicationActivationFailed", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
			"privateActivated": didPrivatelyActivate,
			"focusedBeforeActivate": focusedBeforeActivate,
			"focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: focusedBeforeActivateResult.error),
			"raisedBeforeActivate": raisedBeforeActivate,
			"raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: raisedBeforeActivateResult.error)
			"focusedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.focused.success,
			"focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.focused.error),
			"mainBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.main.success,
			"mainBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.main.error),
			"raisedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.raised.success,
			"raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.raised.error)
			])
			return .activationFailed
			}

			let focusedAfterActivateResult = focusWindowResult(
			let afterActivateAttempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(
			axWindow.element,
			processIdentifier: axWindow.processIdentifier
			)
			let raisedAfterActivateResult = raiseWindowResult(axWindow.element)
			let focusedAfterActivate = focusedAfterActivateResult.success
			let raisedAfterActivate = raisedAfterActivateResult.success
			let retryAttempt = (didPrivatelyActivate \|\| beforeActivateAttempt.success \|\| afterActivateAttempt.success)
			? nil
			: retryFocusMainRaiseWindow(
			for: window,
			delay: 0.10,
			matchAttempt: "postActivateRetry"
			)

			let didFocusOrRaise = focusedBeforeActivate \|\| focusedAfterActivate \|\| raisedBeforeActivate \|\| raisedAfterActivate
			let didFocusOrRaise = beforeActivateAttempt.success \|\| afterActivateAttempt.success \|\| (retryAttempt?.success ?? false)
			let finderDirectFallbackResult: Bool?
			if (didPrivatelyActivate \|\| didFocusOrRaise),
			isFinderCGOnlyPageCandidate(window),
			let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier {
			let normalizedTargetTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(window.title)
			let focusedTitle = finderFocusedOrMainWindowTitle(processIdentifier: processIdentifier)
			let directTitleMatched = normalizedWindowTitle(focusedTitle ?? "") == normalizedTargetTitle
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.finderDirectVerification", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"directTitleMatched": directTitleMatched,
			"focusedTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(focusedTitle),
			"focusedTitleLength": focusedTitle?.count,
			"targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
			"targetTitleLength": window.title.count
			])
			if directTitleMatched {
			finderDirectFallbackResult = true
			} else {
			finderDirectFallbackResult = activateFinderTabPageIfNeeded(
			window: window,
			axMetadata: AXWindowMetadataReader.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer),
			operation: "windowActivation",
			reason: "directAXTitleMismatch"
			)
			}
			} else {
			finderDirectFallbackResult = nil
			}

			let finderPreciseActivationFailed = finderDirectFallbackResult == false
			let activated = finderDirectFallbackResult ?? (didPrivatelyActivate \|\| didFocusOrRaise)
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.end", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
			"privateActivated": didPrivatelyActivate,
			"focusedBeforeActivate": focusedBeforeActivate,
			"focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: focusedBeforeActivateResult.error),
			"raisedBeforeActivate": raisedBeforeActivate,
			"raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: raisedBeforeActivateResult.error),
			"focusedAfterActivate": focusedAfterActivate,
			"focusAfterAXError": String(describing: focusedAfterActivateResult.error),
			"raisedAfterActivate": raisedAfterActivate,
			"raiseAfterAXError": String(describing: raisedAfterActivateResult.error),
			"result": (didFocusOrRaise \|\| didPrivatelyActivate) ? "activated" : "appActivatedOnly"
			"focusedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.focused.success,
			"focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.focused.error),
			"mainBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.main.success,
			"mainBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.main.error),
			"raisedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.raised.success,
			"raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.raised.error),
			"focusedAfterActivate": afterActivateAttempt.focused.success,
			"focusAfterAXError": String(describing: afterActivateAttempt.focused.error),
			"mainAfterActivate": afterActivateAttempt.main.success,
			"mainAfterAXError": String(describing: afterActivateAttempt.main.error),
			"raisedAfterActivate": afterActivateAttempt.raised.success,
			"raiseAfterAXError": String(describing: afterActivateAttempt.raised.error),
			"retryFocused": retryAttempt?.focused.success,
			"retryFocusAXError": retryAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.focused.error) },
			"retryMain": retryAttempt?.main.success,
			"retryMainAXError": retryAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.main.error) },
			"retryRaised": retryAttempt?.raised.success,
			"retryRaiseAXError": retryAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.raised.error) },
			"finderDirectFallbackResult": finderDirectFallbackResult,
			"result": finderPreciseActivationFailed ? "activationFailed" : (activated ? "activated" : "appActivatedOnly")
			])
			return didPrivatelyActivate \|\| focusedBeforeActivate \|\| focusedAfterActivate \|\| raisedBeforeActivate \|\| raisedAfterActivate
			? .activated
			: .appActivatedOnly
			if finderPreciseActivationFailed {
			return .activationFailed
			}
			return activated ? .activated : .appActivatedOnly
			}

			func close(window: AlignerWindow) throws -> WindowCloseResult {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.window.start", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"identifierSource": String(describing: window.identifierSource),
			"titleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
			"titleLength": window.title.count,
			"titleIsEmpty": window.title.isEmpty,
			"appName": window.app.name,
			"bundleIdentifier": window.app.bundleIdentifier,
			"pid": window.app.processIdentifier
			])

			let axMetadata = AXWindowMetadataReader.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer)
			var matchedAXWindow = axWindow(for: window, in: axMetadata)
			var finalAXMetadata = axMetadata

			let shouldPreferFocusedPageClose = matchedAXWindow?.windowID != window.id
			if shouldPreferFocusedPageClose,
			let focusedPageCloseResult = closeFocusedPageViaCommandW(
			window: window,
			reason: matchedAXWindow == nil ? "axMissing" : "nonDirectAXMatch"
			) {
			return focusedPageCloseResult
			}

			if matchedAXWindow == nil {
			Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.12)
			finalAXMetadata = AXWindowMetadataReader.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer)
			matchedAXWindow = axWindow(for: window, in: finalAXMetadata, matchAttempt: "retry")
			}

			guard let matchedAXWindow else {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.window.axMissing", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"appName": window.app.name,
			"pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
			"candidateCount": finalAXMetadata.filter { $0.processIdentifier == window.app.processIdentifier }.count,
			"matchingTitleCandidateCount": matchingAXTitleCandidateCount(for: window, in: finalAXMetadata),
			"matchingSizeCandidateCount": matchingAXSizeCandidateCount(for: window, in: finalAXMetadata)
			])
			return .windowNotFound
			}

			if matchedAXWindow.windowID != window.id,
			let focusedPageCloseResult = closeFocusedPageViaCommandW(
			window: window,
			reason: "retryNonDirectAXMatch"
			) {
			return focusedPageCloseResult
			}

			guard let closeButton = closeButton(for: matchedAXWindow) else {
			Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.12)
			let retryMetadata = AXWindowMetadataReader.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer)
			if let retryAXWindow = axWindow(for: window, in: retryMetadata, matchAttempt: "closeButtonRetry"),
			let retryCloseButton = closeButton(for: retryAXWindow) {
			return performCloseButtonPress(
			retryCloseButton,
			window: window,
			processIdentifier: retryAXWindow.processIdentifier,
			attempt: "closeButtonRetry"
			)
			}
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.window.closeButtonMissing", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": matchedAXWindow.processIdentifier,
			"appName": window.app.name
			])
			return .windowNotFound
			}

			return performCloseButtonPress(
			closeButton,
			window: window,
			processIdentifier: matchedAXWindow.processIdentifier,
			attempt: "initial"
			)
			}

			private func closeButton(for axWindow: AXWindowMetadata) -> AXUIElement? {
			var closeButtonValue: CFTypeRef?
			let closeButtonLookupResult = AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(
			axWindow.element,
			kAXCloseButtonAttribute as CFString,
			&closeButtonValue
			)
			guard closeButtonLookupResult == .success,
			let closeButton = closeButtonValue,
			CFGetTypeID(closeButton) == AXUIElementGetTypeID()
			else {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.window.closeButtonLookupFailed", [
			"pid": axWindow.processIdentifier,
			"axError": String(describing: closeButtonLookupResult)
			])
			return nil
			}

			return (closeButton as! AXUIElement)
			}

			private func performCloseButtonPress(
			_ closeButton: AXUIElement,
			window: AlignerWindow,
			processIdentifier: Int32,
			attempt: String
			) -> WindowCloseResult {
			let closeResult = AXUIElementPerformAction(closeButton, kAXPressAction as CFString)
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.window.result", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"attempt": attempt,
			"axError": String(describing: closeResult)
			])

			switch closeResult {
			case .success:
			return .requested
			case .actionUnsupported, .notImplemented:
			return .unsupported
			default:
			return .failed(String(describing: closeResult))
			}
			}

			private func closeFocusedPageViaCommandW(
			window: AlignerWindow,
			reason: String
			) -> WindowCloseResult? {
			guard window.identifierSource == .cgWindow,
			let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier
			else {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.commandW.skipped", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"reason": reason,
			"identifierSource": String(describing: window.identifierSource),
			"hasPID": window.app.processIdentifier != nil
			])
			return nil
			}

			if let finderTabActivated = activateFinderTabPageIfNeeded(
			window: window,
			axMetadata: AXWindowMetadataReader.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer),
			operation: "windowClose",
			reason: reason
			) {
			guard finderTabActivated else {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.commandW.finderTabActivationFailed", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"reason": reason
			])
			return .failed("finderTabActivationFailed")
			}
			} else {
			guard let activationOutcome = activateViaPrivateWindowServerAPI(window),
			activationOutcome.succeeded
			else {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.commandW.activationFailed", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"reason": reason
			])
			return nil
			}
			}

			Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.08)
			guard postCommandW(to: processIdentifier) else {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.commandW.postFailed", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"reason": reason
			])
			return .failed("commandWPostFailed")
			}

			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.commandW.requested", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"reason": reason
			])
			return .requested
			}

			private func postCommandW(to processIdentifier: Int32) -> Bool {
			let source = CGEventSource(stateID: .combinedSessionState)
			guard let keyDown = CGEvent(
			keyboardEventSource: source,
			virtualKey: Self.commandWVirtualKeyCode,
			keyDown: true
			),
			let keyUp = CGEvent(
			keyboardEventSource: source,
			virtualKey: Self.commandWVirtualKeyCode,
			keyDown: false
			)
			else {
			return false
			}

			keyDown.flags = .maskCommand
			keyUp.flags = .maskCommand
			keyDown.postToPid(processIdentifier)
			keyUp.postToPid(processIdentifier)
			return true
			}

			private func axWindow(
			for window: AlignerWindow,
			in axMetadata: [AXWindowMetadata],
			operation: String = "windowClose",
			matchAttempt: String = "initial"
			) -> AXWindowMetadata? {
			if let directMatch = axMetadata.first(where: { $0.windowID == window.id }) {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).axMatch.directWindowID", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
			"attempt": matchAttempt
			])
			return directMatch
			}

			guard let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier else {
			return nil
			}

			if let geometryFingerprint = axWindowGeometryFingerprint(for: window) {
			let geometryMatches = axMetadata.filter { metadata in
			AXWindowGeometryFingerprint(metadata) == geometryFingerprint
			}
			if geometryMatches.count == 1 {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).axMatch.geometryFingerprint", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"attempt": matchAttempt
			])
			return geometryMatches[0]
			}

			if geometryMatches.count > 1 {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).axMatch.geometryFingerprintAmbiguous", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"candidateCount": geometryMatches.count,
			"attempt": matchAttempt
			])
			}
			}

			if let cgFingerprint = cgWindowFingerprint(for: window) {
			let fingerprintMatches = axMetadata.filter { metadata in
			AXWindowFingerprint(metadata) == cgFingerprint
			}
			if fingerprintMatches.count == 1 {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).axMatch.fingerprint", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"attempt": matchAttempt
			])
			return fingerprintMatches[0]
			}

			if fingerprintMatches.count > 1 {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).axMatch.fingerprintAmbiguous", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"candidateCount": fingerprintMatches.count,
			"attempt": matchAttempt
			])
			}
			}

			let normalizedTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(window.title)
			let titleMatches = axMetadata.filter { metadata in
			metadata.processIdentifier == processIdentifier
			&& normalizedWindowTitle(metadata.title ?? "") == normalizedTitle
			}
			if !normalizedTitle.isEmpty, titleMatches.count == 1 {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).axMatch.normalizedTitle", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"attempt": matchAttempt
			])
			return titleMatches[0]
			}

			if window.app.bundleIdentifier == "com.apple.finder",
			let finderMatch = finderFallbackAXWindow(
			for: window,
			processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
			in: axMetadata
			) {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).axMatch.finderFallback", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"attempt": matchAttempt
			])
			return finderMatch
			}

			if titleMatches.count > 1 {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).axMatch.titleAmbiguous", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"candidateCount": titleMatches.count,
			"attempt": matchAttempt
			])
			}

			return nil
			}

			private func finderFallbackAXWindow(
			for window: AlignerWindow,
			processIdentifier: Int32,
			in axMetadata: [AXWindowMetadata]
			) -> AXWindowMetadata? {
			let normalizedTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(window.title)
			guard !normalizedTitle.isEmpty else { return nil }

			let finderCandidates = axMetadata.filter { metadata in
			metadata.processIdentifier == processIdentifier
			&& normalizedWindowTitle(metadata.title ?? "") == normalizedTitle
			&& metadata.subrole == .standard
			}
			return finderCandidates.count == 1 ? finderCandidates[0] : nil
			}

			private func activateFinderTabPageIfNeeded(
			window: AlignerWindow,
			axMetadata: [AXWindowMetadata],
			operation: String,
			reason: String
			) -> Bool? {
			guard isFinderCGOnlyPageCandidate(window),
			let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier
			else {
			return nil
			}

			let budget = FinderTabActivationBudget(limit: Self.finderTabActivationBudgetLimit)
			let hostLookupStartedAt = ProcessInfo.processInfo.systemUptime
			let host = finderTabHostAXWindow(for: window, in: axMetadata, budget: budget)
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).finderTab.hostLookup", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"reason": reason,
			"hostFound": host != nil,
			"hostWindowID": host?.windowID,
			"elapsedMilliseconds": Self.elapsedMilliseconds(since: hostLookupStartedAt),
			"overallElapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
			"budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
			"budgetRemainingMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.remaining)
			])

			guard let host else {
			if budget.isExhausted {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).finderTab.hostMissingBudgetExceeded", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"reason": reason,
			"elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
			"budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
			])
			return false
			}

			let normalizedTargetTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(window.title)
			let applicationActivated = activateApplication(processIdentifier: processIdentifier)
			let selectedViaWindowMenu = !normalizedTargetTitle.isEmpty
			&& selectFinderWindowMenuItem(
			processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
			window: window,
			normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
			budget: budget
			)
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).finderTab.hostlessWindowMenuResult", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"reason": reason,
			"applicationActivated": applicationActivated,
			"selectedViaWindowMenu": selectedViaWindowMenu,
			"spaceIDs": window.spaceIDs,
			"targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
			"targetTitleLength": window.title.count,
			"elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
			"budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
			])
			if selectedViaWindowMenu {
			return true
			}

			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).finderTab.hostMissing", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"reason": reason,
			"spaceIDs": window.spaceIDs,
			"elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
			"budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
			])
			return false
			}

			let hostPrivateActivationSucceeded: Bool
			if let hostWindowID = host.windowID,
			let privateActivationBridge {
			hostPrivateActivationSucceeded = privateActivationBridge.activate(
			processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
			windowID: hostWindowID
			).succeeded
			} else {
			hostPrivateActivationSucceeded = false
			}

			let applicationActivated = activateApplication(processIdentifier: processIdentifier)
			let beforeAttempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(host.element, processIdentifier: processIdentifier)
			let selectedTabStartedAt = ProcessInfo.processInfo.systemUptime
			let selectedTab = budget.isExhausted ? false : selectFinderTab(window, in: host, budget: budget)
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).finderTab.selectElapsed", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"hostWindowID": host.windowID,
			"selectedTab": selectedTab,
			"elapsedMilliseconds": Self.elapsedMilliseconds(since: selectedTabStartedAt),
			"overallElapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
			"budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
			"budgetRemainingMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.remaining)
			])
			if selectedTab, budget.remaining > 0 {
			Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: min(0.05, budget.remaining))
			}
			let afterAttempt: WindowFocusAttempt?
			if selectedTab {
			// For Finder tab/page cards, re-focusing the original host AX window after
			// selecting the tab can switch Finder back to the host's previous tab.
			afterAttempt = nil
			} else {
			afterAttempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(host.element, processIdentifier: processIdentifier)
			}

			let didFocusOrRaise = beforeAttempt.success \|\| (afterAttempt?.success ?? false)
			let activated = selectedTab
			&& (hostPrivateActivationSucceeded \|\| applicationActivated \|\| didFocusOrRaise)

			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).finderTab.result", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"reason": reason,
			"hostWindowID": host.windowID,
			"hostTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(host.title),
			"hostTitleLength": host.title?.count,
			"hostPrivateActivated": hostPrivateActivationSucceeded,
			"applicationActivated": applicationActivated,
			"selectedTab": selectedTab,
			"focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeAttempt.focused.error),
			"mainBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeAttempt.main.error),
			"raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeAttempt.raised.error),
			"focusAfterAXError": afterAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.focused.error) } ?? "skippedAfterTabSelection",
			"mainAfterAXError": afterAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.main.error) } ?? "skippedAfterTabSelection",
			"raiseAfterAXError": afterAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.raised.error) } ?? "skippedAfterTabSelection",
			"activated": activated,
			"elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
			"budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
			"budgetExceeded": budget.isExhausted
			])

			return activated
			}

			private func isFinderCGOnlyPageCandidate(_ window: AlignerWindow) -> Bool {
			window.identifierSource == .cgWindow
			&& window.app.bundleIdentifier == "com.apple.finder"
			&& !window.title.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).isEmpty
			}

			private func finderTabHostAXWindow(
			for window: AlignerWindow,
			in axMetadata: [AXWindowMetadata],
			budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
			) -> AXWindowMetadata? {
			guard let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier else { return nil }
			let candidates = axMetadata.filter { metadata in
			metadata.processIdentifier == processIdentifier
			&& metadata.subrole == .standard
			&& metadata.frame?.isEmpty == false
			}
			guard !candidates.isEmpty else { return nil }

			let targetSpaceIDs = Set(window.spaceIDs)
			let candidateIDs = candidates.compactMap(\.windowID)
			let candidateSpacesByID = targetSpaceIDs.isEmpty ? [:] : spaceIDsByWindowIDProvider(candidateIDs)
			let spaceCompatibleCandidates = targetSpaceIDs.isEmpty
			? candidates
			: candidates.filter { metadata in
			guard let windowID = metadata.windowID else { return false }
			return !Set(candidateSpacesByID[windowID] ?? []).isDisjoint(with: targetSpaceIDs)
			}
			let spaceScopedCandidates = spaceCompatibleCandidates.isEmpty ? candidates : spaceCompatibleCandidates

			let targetFrame = matchingFrame(for: window)
			let frameScoredHosts = spaceScopedCandidates.compactMap { metadata -> (metadata: AXWindowMetadata, score: CGFloat)? in
			guard let score = frameOverlapScore(targetFrame, metadata.frame),
			score >= 0.85
			else {
			return nil
			}

			return (metadata, score)
			}
			.sorted { lhs, rhs in
			if lhs.score != rhs.score {
			return lhs.score > rhs.score
			}
			return (lhs.metadata.windowID ?? UInt32.max) < (rhs.metadata.windowID ?? UInt32.max)
			}

			if let best = frameScoredHosts.first {
			if frameScoredHosts.count == 1 {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.frameInferredHost", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"hostWindowID": best.metadata.windowID,
			"score": Double(best.score),
			"spaceIDCount": targetSpaceIDs.count,
			"candidateCount": spaceScopedCandidates.count,
			"targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
			"targetTitleLength": window.title.count
			])
			return best.metadata
			}

			let secondBest = frameScoredHosts[1]
			if best.score - secondBest.score >= 0.05 {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.frameInferredHost", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"hostWindowID": best.metadata.windowID,
			"score": Double(best.score),
			"secondBestScore": Double(secondBest.score),
			"spaceIDCount": targetSpaceIDs.count,
			"candidateCount": spaceScopedCandidates.count,
			"targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
			"targetTitleLength": window.title.count
			])
			return best.metadata
			}
			}

			guard !budget.isExhausted else {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.hostLookupBudgetExceeded", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"candidateCount": spaceScopedCandidates.count,
			"spaceIDCount": targetSpaceIDs.count,
			"elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
			"budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
			])
			return nil
			}

			let representationScanCandidates = Array(spaceScopedCandidates.prefix(Self.finderTabHostRepresentationScanLimit))
			let selectableHostCandidates = representationScanCandidates.filter { metadata in
			finderHostCanRepresentTarget(window, in: metadata, budget: budget)
			}

			if spaceScopedCandidates.count > representationScanCandidates.count {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.hostRepresentationScanLimited", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"candidateCount": spaceScopedCandidates.count,
			"scannedCandidateCount": representationScanCandidates.count,
			"selectableCandidateCount": selectableHostCandidates.count,
			"elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
			"budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
			])
			}

			let hostCandidates = selectableHostCandidates.isEmpty
			? spaceScopedCandidates
			: selectableHostCandidates

			if hostCandidates.count == 1 {
			if selectableHostCandidates.isEmpty {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.singleFrameHostFallback", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"hostWindowID": hostCandidates[0].windowID,
			"spaceIDCount": targetSpaceIDs.count,
			"targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
			"targetTitleLength": window.title.count
			])
			}
			return hostCandidates[0]
			}

			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.hostAmbiguous", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"candidateCount": hostCandidates.count,
			"spaceIDCount": targetSpaceIDs.count,
			"hasTargetFrame": targetFrame != nil,
			"targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
			"targetTitleLength": window.title.count
			])
			return nil
			}

			private func finderHostCanRepresentTarget(
			_ window: AlignerWindow,
			in host: AXWindowMetadata,
			budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
			) -> Bool {
			let normalizedTargetTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(window.title)
			guard !normalizedTargetTitle.isEmpty else { return false }

			if normalizedWindowTitle(host.title ?? "") == normalizedTargetTitle {
			return true
			}

			guard !budget.isExhausted else { return false }
			return finderTabControl(matchingNormalizedTitle: normalizedTargetTitle, in: host.element, budget: budget) != nil
			}

			private func selectFinderTab(
			_ window: AlignerWindow,
			in host: AXWindowMetadata,
			budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
			) -> Bool {
			let normalizedTargetTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(window.title)
			guard !normalizedTargetTitle.isEmpty else { return false }

			if normalizedWindowTitle(host.title ?? "") == normalizedTargetTitle {
			return true
			}

			guard let tabControl = finderTabControl(
			matchingNormalizedTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
			in: host.element,
			budget: budget
			) else {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.tabButtonMissing", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"hostWindowID": host.windowID,
			"targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
			"targetTitleLength": window.title.count,
			"elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
			"budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
			])
			if let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier,
			!budget.isExhausted,
			selectFinderTabByCyclingTabs(
			processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
			host: host,
			window: window,
			normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
			budget: budget
			) {
			return true
			}
			if let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier,
			!budget.isExhausted,
			selectFinderWindowMenuItem(
			processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
			window: window,
			normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
			budget: budget
			) {
			return true
			}
			return false
			}

			let tabButton = tabControl.button
			let tabButtonRole = axStringAttribute(kAXRoleAttribute as String, for: tabButton)
			let tabButtonSubrole = axStringAttribute(kAXSubroleAttribute as String, for: tabButton)
			let pressResult = AXUIElementPerformAction(tabButton, kAXPressAction as CFString)
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.pressTab", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"hostWindowID": host.windowID,
			"tabButtonRole": tabButtonRole,
			"tabButtonSubrole": tabButtonSubrole,
			"axError": String(describing: pressResult)
			])
			if pressResult == .success,
			finderHostTitleMatchesTarget(
			host,
			normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
			attempts: Self.finderTabFastTitleMatchAttempts,
			delay: Self.finderTabFastTitleMatchDelay,
			budget: budget
			) {
			return true
			}

			if let tabGroup = tabControl.tabGroup {
			let selectedChildrenResult = AXUIElementSetAttributeValue(
			tabGroup,
			kAXSelectedChildrenAttribute as CFString,
			[tabButton] as CFArray
			)
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.setSelectedChildren", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"hostWindowID": host.windowID,
			"axError": String(describing: selectedChildrenResult)
			])
			if selectedChildrenResult == .success,
			finderHostTitleMatchesTarget(
			host,
			normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
			attempts: Self.finderTabFastTitleMatchAttempts,
			delay: Self.finderTabFastTitleMatchDelay,
			budget: budget
			) {
			return true
			}
			}

			let valueResult = AXUIElementSetAttributeValue(
			tabButton,
			kAXValueAttribute as CFString,
			kCFBooleanTrue
			)
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.setValue", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"hostWindowID": host.windowID,
			"axError": String(describing: valueResult)
			])
			if valueResult == .success,
			finderHostTitleMatchesTarget(
			host,
			normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
			attempts: Self.finderTabFastTitleMatchAttempts,
			delay: Self.finderTabFastTitleMatchDelay,
			budget: budget
			) {
			return true
			}

			if let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier,
			!budget.isExhausted,
			selectFinderTabByCyclingTabs(
			processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
			host: host,
			window: window,
			normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
			budget: budget
			) {
			return true
			}

			if let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier,
			!budget.isExhausted,
			selectFinderWindowMenuItem(
			processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
			window: window,
			normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
			budget: budget
			) {
			return true
			}

			let currentHostTitle = axStringAttribute(kAXTitleAttribute as String, for: host.element) ?? ""
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.selectionVerificationFailed", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"hostWindowID": host.windowID,
			"targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
			"targetTitleLength": window.title.count,
			"currentHostTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(currentHostTitle),
			"currentHostTitleLength": currentHostTitle.count,
			"elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
			"budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
			"budgetExceeded": budget.isExhausted
			])
			return false
			}

			private func finderTabControl(
			matchingNormalizedTitle targetTitle: String,
			in root: AXUIElement,
			budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
			) -> FinderTabControl? {
			var visitedCount = 0

			func search(_ element: AXUIElement, depth: Int, tabGroup: AXUIElement?) -> FinderTabControl? {
			visitedCount += 1
			guard visitedCount <= 240, depth <= 9, !budget.isExhausted else { return nil }

			let role = axStringAttribute(kAXRoleAttribute as String, for: element)
			let subrole = axStringAttribute(kAXSubroleAttribute as String, for: element)
			let title = axStringAttribute(kAXTitleAttribute as String, for: element)
			?? axStringAttribute(kAXDescriptionAttribute as String, for: element)
			?? axStringAttribute(kAXValueAttribute as String, for: element)
			let isTabGroup = role == "AXTabGroup"
			let currentTabGroup = isTabGroup ? element : tabGroup
			let isTabControl = subrole == "AXTabButton"
			\|\| (currentTabGroup != nil && (role == kAXRadioButtonRole as String \|\| role == kAXButtonRole as String))

			if normalizedWindowTitle(title ?? "") == targetTitle,
			isTabControl {
			return FinderTabControl(button: element, tabGroup: currentTabGroup)
			}

			guard isTabGroup \|\| currentTabGroup != nil \|\| depth < 7 else { return nil }
			for child in axChildren(of: element) {
			if let match = search(child, depth: depth + 1, tabGroup: currentTabGroup) {
			return match
			}
			}

			return nil
			}

			return search(root, depth: 0, tabGroup: nil)
			}

			private func finderHostTitleMatchesTarget(
			_ host: AXWindowMetadata,
			normalizedTargetTitle: String,
			attempts: Int = 10,
			delay: TimeInterval = 0.04,
			budget: FinderTabActivationBudget? = nil
			) -> Bool {
			let attemptCount = max(1, attempts)
			for attempt in 0..<attemptCount {
			if attempt > 0 {
			let sleepDuration = budget.map { min(delay, $0.remaining) } ?? delay
			if sleepDuration > 0 {
			Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: sleepDuration)
			}
			}

			let selectedTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(
			axStringAttribute(kAXTitleAttribute as String, for: host.element) ?? ""
			)
			if selectedTitle == normalizedTargetTitle {
			return true
			}

			if budget?.isExhausted == true {
			break
			}
			}

			return false
			}

			private func selectFinderWindowMenuItem(
			processIdentifier: Int32,
			window: AlignerWindow,
			normalizedTargetTitle: String,
			budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
			) -> Bool {
			guard !budget.isExhausted else {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.windowMenuSkippedBudgetExceeded", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
			"budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
			])
			return false
			}

			let appElement = AXUIElementCreateApplication(processIdentifier)
			guard let menuBar = axElementAttribute(kAXMenuBarAttribute as String, for: appElement) else {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.windowMenuMissing", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier
			])
			return false
			}

			for menuBarItem in axChildren(of: menuBar) where isWindowMenuBarItem(menuBarItem) {
			let openResult = AXUIElementPerformAction(menuBarItem, kAXPressAction as CFString)
			if budget.remaining > 0 {
			Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: min(0.08, budget.remaining))
			}
			guard openResult == .success,
			let menuItem = finderWindowMenuItem(
			matchingNormalizedTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
			in: menuBarItem,
			budget: budget
			)
			else {
			continue
			}

			let pressResult = AXUIElementPerformAction(menuItem, kAXPressAction as CFString)
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.windowMenuPress", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"axError": String(describing: pressResult)
			])
			guard pressResult == .success else { return false }

			if finderFocusedWindowTitleMatches(
			processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
			window: window,
			normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
			initialDelay: Self.finderTabWindowMenuVerificationInitialDelay,
			attempts: Self.finderTabWindowMenuVerificationAttempts,
			delay: Self.finderTabWindowMenuVerificationDelay,
			requiredConsecutiveMatches: 2,
			budget: budget
			) {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.windowMenuSucceeded", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
			"budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
			])
			return true
			}

			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.windowMenuVerificationFailed", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
			"budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
			"budgetExceeded": budget.isExhausted
			])
			}

			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.windowMenuItemMissing", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
			"targetTitleLength": window.title.count,
			"elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
			"budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
			"budgetExceeded": budget.isExhausted
			])
			return false
			}

			private func isWindowMenuBarItem(_ element: AXUIElement) -> Bool {
			let title = normalizedWindowTitle(axStringAttribute(kAXTitleAttribute as String, for: element) ?? "")
			return title == "window" \|\| title == "窗口"
			}

			private func finderWindowMenuItem(
			matchingNormalizedTitle targetTitle: String,
			in root: AXUIElement,
			budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
			) -> AXUIElement? {
			var visitedCount = 0

			func search(_ element: AXUIElement, depth: Int) -> AXUIElement? {
			visitedCount += 1
			guard visitedCount <= 500, depth <= 8, !budget.isExhausted else { return nil }

			let role = axStringAttribute(kAXRoleAttribute as String, for: element)
			let title = axStringAttribute(kAXTitleAttribute as String, for: element)
			?? axStringAttribute(kAXDescriptionAttribute as String, for: element)
			if role == kAXMenuItemRole as String,
			normalizedWindowTitle(title ?? "") == targetTitle {
			return element
			}

			for child in axChildren(of: element) {
			if let match = search(child, depth: depth + 1) {
			return match
			}
			}

			return nil
			}

			return search(root, depth: 0)
			}

			private func finderFocusedOrMainWindowTitle(processIdentifier: Int32) -> String? {
			let appElement = AXUIElementCreateApplication(processIdentifier)
			let focusedWindow = axElementAttribute(kAXFocusedWindowAttribute as String, for: appElement)
			?? axElementAttribute(kAXMainWindowAttribute as String, for: appElement)
			return focusedWindow.flatMap {
			axStringAttribute(kAXTitleAttribute as String, for: $0)
			}
			}

			private func finderFocusedWindowTitleMatches(
			processIdentifier: Int32,
			window: AlignerWindow,
			normalizedTargetTitle: String,
			initialDelay: TimeInterval,
			attempts: Int,
			delay: TimeInterval,
			requiredConsecutiveMatches: Int,
			budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
			) -> Bool {
			var consecutiveMatches = 0
			var lastTitle: String?

			if budget.remaining > 0 {
			Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: min(initialDelay, budget.remaining))
			}
			let attemptCount = max(1, attempts)
			for attempt in 0..<attemptCount {
			let title = finderFocusedOrMainWindowTitle(processIdentifier: processIdentifier)
			lastTitle = title
			if normalizedWindowTitle(title ?? "") == normalizedTargetTitle {
			consecutiveMatches += 1
			} else {
			consecutiveMatches = 0
			}

			if consecutiveMatches >= requiredConsecutiveMatches {
			return true
			}
			if budget.isExhausted \|\| attempt == attemptCount - 1 {
			break
			}
			let sleepDuration = min(delay, budget.remaining)
			if sleepDuration > 0 {
			Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: sleepDuration)
			}
			}

			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.focusedTitleMismatch", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
			"targetTitleLength": window.title.count,
			"lastTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(lastTitle),
			"lastTitleLength": lastTitle?.count,
			"elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
			"budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
			"budgetExceeded": budget.isExhausted
			])
			return false
			}

			private func selectFinderTabByCyclingTabs(
			processIdentifier: Int32,
			host: AXWindowMetadata,
			window: AlignerWindow,
			normalizedTargetTitle: String,
			budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
			) -> Bool {
			let maximumAttempts = Self.finderTabCycleMaximumAttempts
			for attempt in 1...maximumAttempts {
			guard !budget.isExhausted else {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.cycleBudgetExceeded", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"hostWindowID": host.windowID,
			"attempt": attempt,
			"attemptLimit": maximumAttempts,
			"elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
			"budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
			])
			return false
			}

			for shortcut in Self.finderNextTabShortcuts {
			guard postKeyboardShortcut(to: processIdentifier, shortcut: shortcut) else {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.cyclePostFailed", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"hostWindowID": host.windowID,
			"attempt": attempt,
			"shortcut": shortcut.name
			])
			return false
			}

			if finderHostTitleMatchesTarget(
			host,
			normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
			attempts: 2,
			delay: 0.025,
			budget: budget
			) {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.cycleSucceeded", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"hostWindowID": host.windowID,
			"attempt": attempt,
			"attemptLimit": maximumAttempts,
			"shortcut": shortcut.name,
			"elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
			"budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
			])
			return true
			}
			}
			}

			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.cycleFailed", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"hostWindowID": host.windowID,
			"attemptCount": maximumAttempts,
			"elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
			"budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
			"budgetExceeded": budget.isExhausted
			])
			return false
			}

			private func postKeyboardShortcut(
			to processIdentifier: Int32,
			shortcut: KeyboardShortcut
			) -> Bool {
			let source = CGEventSource(stateID: .combinedSessionState)
			guard let keyDown = CGEvent(
			keyboardEventSource: source,
			virtualKey: shortcut.keyCode,
			keyDown: true
			),
			let keyUp = CGEvent(
			keyboardEventSource: source,
			virtualKey: shortcut.keyCode,
			keyDown: false
			)
			else {
			return false
			}

			keyDown.flags = shortcut.flags
			keyUp.flags = shortcut.flags
			keyDown.postToPid(processIdentifier)
			keyUp.postToPid(processIdentifier)
			return true
			}

			private func axChildren(of element: AXUIElement) -> [AXUIElement] {
			var value: CFTypeRef?
			guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(element, kAXChildrenAttribute as CFString, &value) == .success,
			let children = value as? [AXUIElement]
			else {
			return []
			}

			return children
			}

			private func axStringAttribute(_ attribute: String, for element: AXUIElement) -> String? {
			var value: CFTypeRef?
			guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(element, attribute as CFString, &value) == .success,
			let value
			else {
			return nil
			}

			return value as? String
			}

			private func axElementAttribute(_ attribute: String, for element: AXUIElement) -> AXUIElement? {
			var value: CFTypeRef?
			guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(element, attribute as CFString, &value) == .success,
			let value,
			CFGetTypeID(value) == AXUIElementGetTypeID()
			else {
			return nil
			}

			return (value as! AXUIElement)
			}

			private func frameOverlapScore(_ lhs: CGRect?, _ rhs: CGRect?) -> CGFloat? {
			guard let lhs,
			let rhs,
			!lhs.isEmpty,
			!rhs.isEmpty
			else {
			return nil
			}

			let intersection = lhs.intersection(rhs)
			guard !intersection.isNull,
			!intersection.isEmpty
			else {
			return nil
			}

			let denominator = min(lhs.width * lhs.height, rhs.width * rhs.height)
			guard denominator > 0 else { return nil }
			let overlap = (intersection.width * intersection.height) / denominator
			let widthSimilarity = min(lhs.width, rhs.width) / max(lhs.width, rhs.width)
			let heightSimilarity = min(lhs.height, rhs.height) / max(lhs.height, rhs.height)
			let sizeSimilarity = min(widthSimilarity, heightSimilarity)
			guard sizeSimilarity >= 0.80 else { return nil }
			return min(overlap, sizeSimilarity)
			}

			private func cgWindowFingerprint(for window: AlignerWindow) -> AXWindowFingerprint? {
			guard let rawWindows = CGWindowListCopyWindowInfo(
			[.optionIncludingWindow],
			CGWindowID(window.id)
			) as? [[String: Any]],
			let rawWindow = rawWindows.first,
			let ownerPID = int32Value(rawWindow[kCGWindowOwnerPID as String])
			else {
			return nil
			}

			return AXWindowFingerprint(
			processIdentifier: ownerPID,
			title: normalizedWindowTitle(title(rawWindow: rawWindow, axWindow: nil)),
			size: bounds(rawWindow[kCGWindowBounds as String]).size
			)
			}

			private func axWindowGeometryFingerprint(for window: AlignerWindow) -> AXWindowGeometryFingerprint? {
			guard let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier else { return nil }
			let frame = matchingFrame(for: window)
			return AXWindowGeometryFingerprint(
			processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
			title: normalizedWindowTitle(window.title),
			frame: frame
			)
			}

			private func cgWindowFrame(for window: AlignerWindow) -> CGRect? {
			guard let rawWindows = CGWindowListCopyWindowInfo(
			[.optionIncludingWindow],
			CGWindowID(window.id)
			) as? [[String: Any]],
			let rawWindow = rawWindows.first
			else {
			return nil
			}

			return bounds(rawWindow[kCGWindowBounds as String])
			}

			private func matchingFrame(for window: AlignerWindow) -> CGRect? {
			if isFinderCGOnlyPageCandidate(window) {
			return window.frame ?? cgWindowFrame(for: window)
			}

			return cgWindowFrame(for: window) ?? window.frame
			}

			private func matchingAXTitleCandidateCount(
			for window: AlignerWindow,
			in axMetadata: [AXWindowMetadata]
			) -> Int {
			guard let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier else { return 0 }
			let normalizedTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(window.title)
			return axMetadata.filter { metadata in
			metadata.processIdentifier == processIdentifier
			&& normalizedWindowTitle(metadata.title ?? "") == normalizedTitle
			}.count
			}

			private func matchingAXSizeCandidateCount(
			for window: AlignerWindow,
			in axMetadata: [AXWindowMetadata]
			) -> Int {
			guard let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier,
			let cgFingerprint = cgWindowFingerprint(for: window)
			else {
			return 0
			}

			return axMetadata.filter { metadata in
			metadata.processIdentifier == processIdentifier
			&& Int(metadata.size.width.rounded()) == cgFingerprint.width
			&& Int(metadata.size.height.rounded()) == cgFingerprint.height
			}.count
			}

			func close(app: AlignerApp) throws -> WindowCloseResult {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.app.start", [
			"appName": app.name,
			"bundleIdentifier": app.bundleIdentifier,
			"pid": app.processIdentifier
			])

			guard let processIdentifier = app.processIdentifier else {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.app.missingPID", [
			"appName": app.name,
			"bundleIdentifier": app.bundleIdentifier
			])
			return .appNotFound
			}
			guard let runningApplication = NSRunningApplication(processIdentifier: processIdentifier) else {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.app.missingApplication", [
			"appName": app.name,
			"pid": processIdentifier
			])
			return .appNotFound
			}

			let requested = runningApplication.terminate()
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.app.result", [
			"appName": app.name,
			"pid": processIdentifier,
			"requested": requested
			])
			return requested ? .requested : .failed("terminateFailed")
			}

			private func activateViaPrivateWindowServerAPI(_ window: AlignerWindow) -> PrivateWindowActivationOutcome? {
			@@ -362,13 +1773,14 @@
			return nil
			}

			let rawBounds = bounds(rawWindow[kCGWindowBounds as String])
			let ownerPID = int32Value(rawWindow[kCGWindowOwnerPID as String])
			let runningApplication = ownerPID.flatMap(NSRunningApplication.init(processIdentifier:))
			let rawFingerprint = ownerPID.map {
			AXWindowFingerprint(
			processIdentifier: $0,
			title: title(rawWindow: rawWindow, axWindow: nil),
			size: bounds(rawWindow[kCGWindowBounds as String]).size
			size: rawBounds.size
			)
			}
			let directAXWindow = axMetadata[windowID]
			@@ -388,7 +1800,8 @@
			app: app,
			activationPolicy: activationPolicy(from: runningApplication),
			title: title(rawWindow: rawWindow, axWindow: axWindow),
			size: bounds(rawWindow[kCGWindowBounds as String]).size,
			size: rawBounds.size,
			frame: rawBounds,
			subrole: axWindow?.subrole ?? .standard,
			isMinimized: axWindow?.isMinimized ?? false,
			isFullscreen: !Set(spaceIDs).isDisjoint(with: fullscreenSpaceIDs),
			@@ -457,10 +1870,33 @@
			}

			let spaceIDs = spaceIDsByWindowID[resolvedWindowID] ?? []
			nextRestorableAXWindowsByID[resolvedWindowID] = RestorableAXWindow(
			processIdentifier: axWindow.processIdentifier,
			element: axWindow.element
			)
			let isFullscreen = !Set(spaceIDs).isDisjoint(with: fullscreenSpaceIDs)
			guard WindowEnumerationPolicy.shouldIncludeAXOnlyRecord(
			identifierSource: identifierSource,
			isMinimized: axWindow.isMinimized,
			isFullscreen: isFullscreen,
			spaceIDs: spaceIDs
			) else {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowEnumeration.axOnly.lowConfidenceSkipped", [
			"windowID": resolvedWindowID,
			"pid": axWindow.processIdentifier,
			"appName": axWindow.app.name,
			"bundleIdentifier": axWindow.app.bundleIdentifier,
			"titleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(axWindow.title ?? ""),
			"titleLength": axWindow.title?.count ?? 0,
			"identifierSource": String(describing: identifierSource),
			"isMinimized": axWindow.isMinimized,
			"isFullscreen": isFullscreen,
			"spaceIDCount": spaceIDs.count
			])
			continue
			}
			if axWindow.isMinimized {
			nextRestorableAXWindowsByID[resolvedWindowID] = RestorableAXWindow(
			processIdentifier: axWindow.processIdentifier,
			element: axWindow.element
			)
			}
			axOnlyRecords.append(WindowEnumerationRecord(
			id: resolvedWindowID,
			app: axWindow.app,
			@@ -468,9 +1904,10 @@
			title: axWindow.title ?? "",
			identifierSource: identifierSource,
			size: axWindow.size,
			frame: axWindow.frame,
			subrole: axWindow.subrole,
			isMinimized: axWindow.isMinimized,
			isFullscreen: !Set(spaceIDs).isDisjoint(with: fullscreenSpaceIDs),
			isFullscreen: isFullscreen,
			isGhost: false,
			isDesktopElement: false,
			isSystemCritical: isSystemCritical(app: axWindow.app),
			@@ -482,7 +1919,31 @@
			}

			restorableAXWindowsByID = nextRestorableAXWindowsByID
			return cgRecords + axOnlyRecords
			let records = cgRecords + axOnlyRecords
			let attributedRecords = FinderTabSpaceAttributionPolicy.attributedRecords(records)
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowEnumeration.finderTabSpaceAttribution", [
			"finderNoSpaceCandidateCount": records.filter { record in
			record.app.bundleIdentifier == "com.apple.finder"
			&& record.identifierSource == .cgWindow
			&& record.spaceIDs.isEmpty
			&& !record.title.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).isEmpty
			&& record.frame?.isEmpty == false
			}.count,
			"finderFullscreenHostCount": records.filter { record in
			record.app.bundleIdentifier == "com.apple.finder"
			&& record.isFullscreen
			&& !record.spaceIDs.isEmpty
			&& record.subrole == .standard
			&& record.frame?.isEmpty == false
			}.count,
			"attributedCount": zip(records, attributedRecords).filter { before, after in
			before.spaceIDs.isEmpty && !after.spaceIDs.isEmpty
			}.count,
			"attributedWindowIDs": zip(records, attributedRecords).compactMap { before, after in
			before.spaceIDs.isEmpty && !after.spaceIDs.isEmpty ? after.id : nil
			}
			])
			return attributedRecords
			}

			private func app(
			@@ -544,6 +2005,64 @@
			return activated
			}

			private func retryFocusMainRaiseWindow(
			for window: AlignerWindow,
			delay: TimeInterval,
			matchAttempt: String
			) -> WindowFocusAttempt? {
			if delay > 0 {
			Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: delay)
			}

			let retryMetadata = AXWindowMetadataReader.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer)
			guard let retryAXWindow = axWindow(
			for: window,
			in: retryMetadata,
			operation: "windowActivation",
			matchAttempt: matchAttempt
			) else {
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.retryAXLookupMissing", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
			"attempt": matchAttempt,
			"candidateCount": retryMetadata.filter { $0.processIdentifier == window.app.processIdentifier }.count,
			"matchingTitleCandidateCount": matchingAXTitleCandidateCount(for: window, in: retryMetadata),
			"matchingSizeCandidateCount": matchingAXSizeCandidateCount(for: window, in: retryMetadata)
			])
			return nil
			}

			let attempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(
			retryAXWindow.element,
			processIdentifier: retryAXWindow.processIdentifier
			)
			DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.retryAXFocus", [
			"windowID": window.id,
			"pid": retryAXWindow.processIdentifier,
			"attempt": matchAttempt,
			"matchedWindowID": retryAXWindow.windowID,
			"matchedTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(retryAXWindow.title),
			"focused": attempt.focused.success,
			"focusAXError": String(describing: attempt.focused.error),
			"main": attempt.main.success,
			"mainAXError": String(describing: attempt.main.error),
			"raised": attempt.raised.success,
			"raiseAXError": String(describing: attempt.raised.error)
			])
			return attempt
			}

			private func focusMainRaiseWindowResult(
			_ window: AXUIElement,
			processIdentifier: Int32
			) -> WindowFocusAttempt {
			WindowFocusAttempt(
			focused: focusWindowResult(window, processIdentifier: processIdentifier),
			main: mainWindowResult(window),
			raised: raiseWindowResult(window)
			)
			}

			private func focusWindowResult(_ window: AXUIElement, processIdentifier: Int32) -> AXActionResult {
			let appElement = AXUIElementCreateApplication(processIdentifier)
			let error = AXUIElementSetAttributeValue(
			@@ -554,8 +2073,25 @@
			return AXActionResult(error: error)
			}

			private func mainWindowResult(_ window: AXUIElement) -> AXActionResult {
			let error = AXUIElementSetAttributeValue(
			window,
			kAXMainAttribute as CFString,
			kCFBooleanTrue
			)
			return AXActionResult(error: error)
			}

			private func raiseWindowResult(_ window: AXUIElement) -> AXActionResult {
			AXActionResult(error: AXUIElementPerformAction(window, kAXRaiseAction as CFString))
			}

			private static func elapsedMilliseconds(since startedAt: TimeInterval) -> Int {
			milliseconds(ProcessInfo.processInfo.systemUptime - startedAt)
			}

			private static func milliseconds(_ interval: TimeInterval) -> Int {
			Int((max(0, interval) * 1_000).rounded())
			}

			private func activationPolicy(from runningApplication: NSRunningApplication?) -> AlignerActivationPolicy {
			@@ -639,8 +2175,17 @@
			let trimmedTitle = title.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)

			if app.bundleIdentifier == "cc.ffitch.shottr" {
			return alpha > 0
			return isOnscreen
			&& alpha > 0
			&& trimmedTitle == "Shottr"
			&& rawBounds.width > WindowEnumerationPolicy.minimumVisibleWidth
			&& rawBounds.height > WindowEnumerationPolicy.minimumVisibleHeight
			}

			if app.bundleIdentifier == "com.apple.finder" {
			return layer == 0
			&& alpha > 0
			&& !trimmedTitle.isEmpty
			&& rawBounds.width > WindowEnumerationPolicy.minimumVisibleWidth
			&& rawBounds.height > WindowEnumerationPolicy.minimumVisibleHeight
			}
			@@ -691,6 +2236,14 @@
			return "activationFailed"
			}
			}

			private static let commandWVirtualKeyCode: CGKeyCode = 13
			private static let rightBracketVirtualKeyCode: CGKeyCode = 30
			private static let tabVirtualKeyCode: CGKeyCode = 48
			private static let finderNextTabShortcuts: [KeyboardShortcut] = [
			KeyboardShortcut(name: "controlTab", keyCode: tabVirtualKeyCode, flags: .maskControl),
			KeyboardShortcut(name: "commandShiftRightBracket", keyCode: rightBracketVirtualKeyCode, flags: [.maskCommand, .maskShift])
			]
			}

			private struct AXWindowMetadata {
			@@ -700,6 +2253,7 @@
			let title: String?
			let isMinimized: Bool
			let size: CGSize
			let frame: CGRect?
			let subrole: AlignerWindowSubrole
			let hasExplicitSubrole: Bool
			let isInteractable: Bool
			@@ -759,6 +2313,34 @@
			}
			}

			private struct AXWindowGeometryFingerprint: Hashable {
			let processIdentifier: Int32
			let title: String
			let x: Int
			let y: Int
			let width: Int
			let height: Int

			init?(processIdentifier: Int32, title: String, frame: CGRect?) {
			guard let frame else { return nil }

			self.processIdentifier = processIdentifier
			self.title = title
			self.x = Int(frame.origin.x.rounded())
			self.y = Int(frame.origin.y.rounded())
			self.width = Int(frame.size.width.rounded())
			self.height = Int(frame.size.height.rounded())
			}

			init?(_ metadata: AXWindowMetadata) {
			self.init(
			processIdentifier: metadata.processIdentifier,
			title: normalizedWindowTitle(metadata.title ?? ""),
			frame: metadata.frame
			)
			}
			}

			private struct RestorableAXWindow {
			let processIdentifier: Int32
			let element: AXUIElement
			@@ -786,22 +2368,21 @@
			let app = app(from: application, appCategorizer: appCategorizer)

			let appElement = AXUIElementCreateApplication(application.processIdentifier)
			var windowsValue: CFTypeRef?
			guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(appElement, kAXWindowsAttribute as CFString, &windowsValue) == .success,
			let windows = windowsValue as? [AXUIElement]
			else {
			continue
			}
			let windows = windows(for: appElement)
			guard !windows.isEmpty else { continue }

			for (windowIndex, window) in windows.enumerated() {
			let subrole = subrole(for: window)
			let size = size(for: window)
			let position = position(for: window)
			result.append(AXWindowMetadata(
			windowID: windowID(for: window),
			app: app,
			activationPolicy: activationPolicy(from: application),
			title: title(for: window),
			isMinimized: boolAttribute(kAXMinimizedAttribute as String, for: window) ?? false,
			size: size(for: window),
			size: size,
			frame: position.map { CGRect(origin: $0, size: size) },
			subrole: subrole.value,
			hasExplicitSubrole: subrole.isExplicit,
			isInteractable: boolAttribute(kAXEnabledAttribute as String, for: window) ?? true,
			@@ -810,6 +2391,38 @@
			element: window
			))
			}
			}

			return result
			}

			private static func windows(for appElement: AXUIElement) -> [AXUIElement] {
			var result: [AXUIElement] = []
			var seen = Set<AXWindowElementKey>()

			func append(_ window: AXUIElement) {
			let key = AXWindowElementKey(window)
			guard !seen.contains(key) else { return }
			seen.insert(key)
			result.append(window)
			}

			var windowsValue: CFTypeRef?
			if AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(appElement, kAXWindowsAttribute as CFString, &windowsValue) == .success,
			let windows = windowsValue as? [AXUIElement] {
			windows.forEach(append)
			}

			for attribute in [kAXFocusedWindowAttribute, kAXMainWindowAttribute] {
			var windowValue: CFTypeRef?
			guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(appElement, attribute as CFString, &windowValue) == .success,
			let window = windowValue,
			CFGetTypeID(window) == AXUIElementGetTypeID()
			else {
			continue
			}

			append(window as! AXUIElement)
			}

			return result
			@@ -896,6 +2509,23 @@
			return size
			}

			private static func position(for window: AXUIElement) -> CGPoint? {
			var value: CFTypeRef?
			guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(window, kAXPositionAttribute as CFString, &value) == .success,
			let axValue = value,
			CFGetTypeID(axValue) == AXValueGetTypeID()
			else {
			return nil
			}

			var position = CGPoint.zero
			guard AXValueGetValue(axValue as! AXValue, .cgPoint, &position) else {
			return nil
			}

			return position
			}

			private static func subrole(for window: AXUIElement) -> (value: AlignerWindowSubrole, isExplicit: Bool) {
			var value: CFTypeRef?
			guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(window, kAXSubroleAttribute as CFString, &value) == .success,
			@@ -914,6 +2544,39 @@
			default:
			return (.unknown(subrole), true)
			}
			}
			}

			private struct AXWindowElementKey: Hashable {
			private let typeID: CFTypeID
			private let pointer: UInt
			private let windowID: UInt32?

			init(_ element: AXUIElement) {
			self.typeID = CFGetTypeID(element)
			self.pointer = UInt(bitPattern: Unmanaged.passUnretained(element).toOpaque())
			self.windowID = PrivateAXWindowIDReader.windowID(for: element)
			}

			static func == (lhs: AXWindowElementKey, rhs: AXWindowElementKey) -> Bool {
			if let lhsWindowID = lhs.windowID,
			let rhsWindowID = rhs.windowID {
			return lhsWindowID == rhsWindowID
			}

			return lhs.typeID == rhs.typeID && lhs.pointer == rhs.pointer
			}

			func hash(into hasher: inout Hasher) {
			if let windowID {
			hasher.combine("windowID")
			hasher.combine(windowID)
			return
			}

			hasher.combine("pointer")
			hasher.combine(typeID)
			hasher.combine(pointer)
			}
			}

			@@ -955,6 +2618,10 @@
			value as? String
			}

			private func normalizedWindowTitle(_ title: String) -> String {
			title.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
			}

			private func boolValue(_ value: Any?) -> Bool {
			switch value {
			case let bool as Bool: