From 21e9dd7c95e3f58a19a7c7342ff3d6584eb9097e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ariver <shanghai3168@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2026 04:45:56 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] fix: reserve app shelf height for wrapped rows

---
 C1.source/Sources/Aligner/Infrastructure/Windows/CGWindowAXWindowService.swift | 1265 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 files changed, 1,197 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-)

diff --git a/C1.source/Sources/Aligner/Infrastructure/Windows/CGWindowAXWindowService.swift b/C1.source/Sources/Aligner/Infrastructure/Windows/CGWindowAXWindowService.swift
index 87b6c01..15fbdda 100644
--- a/C1.source/Sources/Aligner/Infrastructure/Windows/CGWindowAXWindowService.swift
+++ b/C1.source/Sources/Aligner/Infrastructure/Windows/CGWindowAXWindowService.swift
@@ -14,6 +14,62 @@
     private let privateSpaceActivationBridge: PrivateSpaceActivationBridge?
     private var restorableAXWindowsByID: [UInt32: RestorableAXWindow] = [:]
 
+    private struct FinderTabControl {
+        let button: AXUIElement
+        let tabGroup: AXUIElement?
+    }
+
+    private struct KeyboardShortcut {
+        let name: String
+        let keyCode: CGKeyCode
+        let flags: CGEventFlags
+    }
+
+    private struct FinderTabActivationBudget {
+        let startedAt: TimeInterval
+        let limit: TimeInterval
+
+        init(limit: TimeInterval) {
+            startedAt = ProcessInfo.processInfo.systemUptime
+            self.limit = limit
+        }
+
+        var elapsed: TimeInterval {
+            ProcessInfo.processInfo.systemUptime - startedAt
+        }
+
+        var elapsedMilliseconds: Int {
+            CGWindowAXWindowService.milliseconds(elapsed)
+        }
+
+        var remaining: TimeInterval {
+            max(0, limit - elapsed)
+        }
+
+        var isExhausted: Bool {
+            remaining <= 0
+        }
+    }
+
+    private struct WindowFocusAttempt {
+        let focused: AXActionResult
+        let main: AXActionResult
+        let raised: AXActionResult
+
+        var success: Bool {
+            focused.success || main.success || raised.success
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static let finderTabActivationBudgetLimit: TimeInterval = 1.50
+    private static let finderTabCycleMaximumAttempts = 5
+    private static let finderTabHostRepresentationScanLimit = 5
+    private static let finderTabFastTitleMatchAttempts = 4
+    private static let finderTabFastTitleMatchDelay: TimeInterval = 0.03
+    private static let finderTabWindowMenuVerificationInitialDelay: TimeInterval = 0.08
+    private static let finderTabWindowMenuVerificationAttempts = 8
+    private static let finderTabWindowMenuVerificationDelay: TimeInterval = 0.04
+
     init(
         spaceIDsByWindowIDProvider: @escaping ([UInt32]) -> [UInt32: [UInt64]],
         appCategorizer: any AppCategorizer = BundleIDAppCategorizer(),
@@ -71,51 +127,49 @@
             throw AXWindowRestoreError.setMinimizedFailed(minimizeResult)
         }
 
-        let focusedBeforeActivateResult = focusWindowResult(
+        let beforeActivateAttempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(
             restorableWindow.element,
             processIdentifier: restorableWindow.processIdentifier
         )
-        let raisedBeforeActivateResult = raiseWindowResult(restorableWindow.element)
-        let focusedBeforeActivate = focusedBeforeActivateResult.success
-        let raisedBeforeActivate = raisedBeforeActivateResult.success
 
         guard activateApplication(processIdentifier: restorableWindow.processIdentifier) else {
             DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.restore.activateApplicationFailed", [
                 "windowID": windowID,
                 "pid": restorableWindow.processIdentifier,
-                "focusedBeforeActivate": focusedBeforeActivate,
-                "focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: focusedBeforeActivateResult.error),
-                "raisedBeforeActivate": raisedBeforeActivate,
-                "raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: raisedBeforeActivateResult.error)
+                "focusedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.focused.success,
+                "focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.focused.error),
+                "mainBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.main.success,
+                "mainBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.main.error),
+                "raisedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.raised.success,
+                "raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.raised.error)
             ])
             return .activationFailed
         }
 
-        let focusedAfterActivateResult = focusWindowResult(
+        let afterActivateAttempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(
             restorableWindow.element,
             processIdentifier: restorableWindow.processIdentifier
         )
-        let raisedAfterActivateResult = raiseWindowResult(restorableWindow.element)
-        let focusedAfterActivate = focusedAfterActivateResult.success
-        let raisedAfterActivate = raisedAfterActivateResult.success
 
-        let restored = focusedBeforeActivate || focusedAfterActivate || raisedBeforeActivate || raisedAfterActivate
+        let restored = beforeActivateAttempt.success || afterActivateAttempt.success
         DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.restore.end", [
             "windowID": windowID,
             "pid": restorableWindow.processIdentifier,
-            "focusedBeforeActivate": focusedBeforeActivate,
-            "focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: focusedBeforeActivateResult.error),
-            "raisedBeforeActivate": raisedBeforeActivate,
-            "raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: raisedBeforeActivateResult.error),
-            "focusedAfterActivate": focusedAfterActivate,
-            "focusAfterAXError": String(describing: focusedAfterActivateResult.error),
-            "raisedAfterActivate": raisedAfterActivate,
-            "raiseAfterAXError": String(describing: raisedAfterActivateResult.error),
+            "focusedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.focused.success,
+            "focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.focused.error),
+            "mainBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.main.success,
+            "mainBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.main.error),
+            "raisedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.raised.success,
+            "raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.raised.error),
+            "focusedAfterActivate": afterActivateAttempt.focused.success,
+            "focusAfterAXError": String(describing: afterActivateAttempt.focused.error),
+            "mainAfterActivate": afterActivateAttempt.main.success,
+            "mainAfterAXError": String(describing: afterActivateAttempt.main.error),
+            "raisedAfterActivate": afterActivateAttempt.raised.success,
+            "raiseAfterAXError": String(describing: afterActivateAttempt.raised.error),
             "result": restored ? "restored" : "activationFailed"
         ])
-        return focusedBeforeActivate || focusedAfterActivate || raisedBeforeActivate || raisedAfterActivate
-            ? .restored
-            : .activationFailed
+        return restored ? .restored : .activationFailed
     }
 
     func activate(window: AlignerWindow) throws -> WindowActivationResult {
@@ -162,9 +216,10 @@
         let privateActivationOutcome = activateViaPrivateWindowServerAPI(window)
         let didPrivatelyActivate = privateActivationOutcome?.succeeded == true
 
+        let currentAXMetadata = AXWindowMetadataReader.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer)
         let axWindow = axWindow(
             for: window,
-            in: AXWindowMetadataReader.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer),
+            in: currentAXMetadata,
             operation: "windowActivation",
             matchAttempt: "initial"
         )
@@ -188,69 +243,144 @@
             "spaceFocusError": spaceFocusOutcome?.error
         ])
         guard let axWindow else {
+            if let finderTabActivated = activateFinderTabPageIfNeeded(
+                window: window,
+                axMetadata: currentAXMetadata,
+                operation: "windowActivation",
+                reason: "axMissing"
+            ) {
+                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.finderTabResult", [
+                    "windowID": window.id,
+                    "pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
+                    "activated": finderTabActivated
+                ])
+                return finderTabActivated ? .activated : .activationFailed
+            }
+
             let activated = activateApplication(for: window)
+            let retryAttempt = activated
+                ? retryFocusMainRaiseWindow(
+                    for: window,
+                    delay: 0.10,
+                    matchAttempt: "axMissingPostActivate"
+                )
+                : nil
+            let retrySucceeded = retryAttempt?.success ?? false
             DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.axMissing", [
                 "windowID": window.id,
                 "appName": window.app.name,
                 "pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
                 "privateActivated": didPrivatelyActivate,
                 "applicationActivated": activated,
-                "result": didPrivatelyActivate ? "activated" : (activated ? "appActivatedOnly" : "windowNotFound")
+                "retryFocused": retryAttempt?.focused.success,
+                "retryFocusAXError": retryAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.focused.error) },
+                "retryMain": retryAttempt?.main.success,
+                "retryMainAXError": retryAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.main.error) },
+                "retryRaised": retryAttempt?.raised.success,
+                "retryRaiseAXError": retryAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.raised.error) },
+                "result": (didPrivatelyActivate || retrySucceeded) ? "activated" : (activated ? "appActivatedOnly" : "windowNotFound")
             ])
-            if didPrivatelyActivate {
+            if didPrivatelyActivate || retrySucceeded {
                 return .activated
             }
 
             return activated ? .appActivatedOnly : .windowNotFound
         }
 
-        let focusedBeforeActivateResult = focusWindowResult(
+        let beforeActivateAttempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(
             axWindow.element,
             processIdentifier: axWindow.processIdentifier
         )
-        let raisedBeforeActivateResult = raiseWindowResult(axWindow.element)
-        let focusedBeforeActivate = focusedBeforeActivateResult.success
-        let raisedBeforeActivate = raisedBeforeActivateResult.success
 
         guard didPrivatelyActivate || activateApplication(for: window) else {
             DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.applicationActivationFailed", [
                 "windowID": window.id,
                 "pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
                 "privateActivated": didPrivatelyActivate,
-                "focusedBeforeActivate": focusedBeforeActivate,
-                "focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: focusedBeforeActivateResult.error),
-                "raisedBeforeActivate": raisedBeforeActivate,
-                "raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: raisedBeforeActivateResult.error)
+                "focusedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.focused.success,
+                "focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.focused.error),
+                "mainBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.main.success,
+                "mainBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.main.error),
+                "raisedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.raised.success,
+                "raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.raised.error)
             ])
             return .activationFailed
         }
 
-        let focusedAfterActivateResult = focusWindowResult(
+        let afterActivateAttempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(
             axWindow.element,
             processIdentifier: axWindow.processIdentifier
         )
-        let raisedAfterActivateResult = raiseWindowResult(axWindow.element)
-        let focusedAfterActivate = focusedAfterActivateResult.success
-        let raisedAfterActivate = raisedAfterActivateResult.success
+        let retryAttempt = (didPrivatelyActivate || beforeActivateAttempt.success || afterActivateAttempt.success)
+            ? nil
+            : retryFocusMainRaiseWindow(
+                for: window,
+                delay: 0.10,
+                matchAttempt: "postActivateRetry"
+            )
 
-        let didFocusOrRaise = focusedBeforeActivate || focusedAfterActivate || raisedBeforeActivate || raisedAfterActivate
+        let didFocusOrRaise = beforeActivateAttempt.success || afterActivateAttempt.success || (retryAttempt?.success ?? false)
+        let finderDirectFallbackResult: Bool?
+        if (didPrivatelyActivate || didFocusOrRaise),
+           isFinderCGOnlyPageCandidate(window),
+           let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier {
+            let normalizedTargetTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(window.title)
+            let focusedTitle = finderFocusedOrMainWindowTitle(processIdentifier: processIdentifier)
+            let directTitleMatched = normalizedWindowTitle(focusedTitle ?? "") == normalizedTargetTitle
+            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.finderDirectVerification", [
+                "windowID": window.id,
+                "pid": processIdentifier,
+                "directTitleMatched": directTitleMatched,
+                "focusedTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(focusedTitle),
+                "focusedTitleLength": focusedTitle?.count,
+                "targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
+                "targetTitleLength": window.title.count
+            ])
+            if directTitleMatched {
+                finderDirectFallbackResult = true
+            } else {
+                finderDirectFallbackResult = activateFinderTabPageIfNeeded(
+                    window: window,
+                    axMetadata: AXWindowMetadataReader.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer),
+                    operation: "windowActivation",
+                    reason: "directAXTitleMismatch"
+                )
+            }
+        } else {
+            finderDirectFallbackResult = nil
+        }
+
+        let finderPreciseActivationFailed = finderDirectFallbackResult == false
+        let activated = finderDirectFallbackResult ?? (didPrivatelyActivate || didFocusOrRaise)
         DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.end", [
             "windowID": window.id,
             "pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
             "privateActivated": didPrivatelyActivate,
-            "focusedBeforeActivate": focusedBeforeActivate,
-            "focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: focusedBeforeActivateResult.error),
-            "raisedBeforeActivate": raisedBeforeActivate,
-            "raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: raisedBeforeActivateResult.error),
-            "focusedAfterActivate": focusedAfterActivate,
-            "focusAfterAXError": String(describing: focusedAfterActivateResult.error),
-            "raisedAfterActivate": raisedAfterActivate,
-            "raiseAfterAXError": String(describing: raisedAfterActivateResult.error),
-            "result": (didFocusOrRaise || didPrivatelyActivate) ? "activated" : "appActivatedOnly"
+            "focusedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.focused.success,
+            "focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.focused.error),
+            "mainBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.main.success,
+            "mainBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.main.error),
+            "raisedBeforeActivate": beforeActivateAttempt.raised.success,
+            "raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeActivateAttempt.raised.error),
+            "focusedAfterActivate": afterActivateAttempt.focused.success,
+            "focusAfterAXError": String(describing: afterActivateAttempt.focused.error),
+            "mainAfterActivate": afterActivateAttempt.main.success,
+            "mainAfterAXError": String(describing: afterActivateAttempt.main.error),
+            "raisedAfterActivate": afterActivateAttempt.raised.success,
+            "raiseAfterAXError": String(describing: afterActivateAttempt.raised.error),
+            "retryFocused": retryAttempt?.focused.success,
+            "retryFocusAXError": retryAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.focused.error) },
+            "retryMain": retryAttempt?.main.success,
+            "retryMainAXError": retryAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.main.error) },
+            "retryRaised": retryAttempt?.raised.success,
+            "retryRaiseAXError": retryAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.raised.error) },
+            "finderDirectFallbackResult": finderDirectFallbackResult,
+            "result": finderPreciseActivationFailed ? "activationFailed" : (activated ? "activated" : "appActivatedOnly")
         ])
-        return didPrivatelyActivate || focusedBeforeActivate || focusedAfterActivate || raisedBeforeActivate || raisedAfterActivate
-            ? .activated
-            : .appActivatedOnly
+        if finderPreciseActivationFailed {
+            return .activationFailed
+        }
+        return activated ? .activated : .appActivatedOnly
     }
 
     func close(window: AlignerWindow) throws -> WindowCloseResult {
@@ -393,15 +523,31 @@
             return nil
         }
 
-        guard let activationOutcome = activateViaPrivateWindowServerAPI(window),
-              activationOutcome.succeeded
-        else {
-            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.commandW.activationFailed", [
-                "windowID": window.id,
-                "pid": processIdentifier,
-                "reason": reason
-            ])
-            return nil
+        if let finderTabActivated = activateFinderTabPageIfNeeded(
+            window: window,
+            axMetadata: AXWindowMetadataReader.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer),
+            operation: "windowClose",
+            reason: reason
+        ) {
+            guard finderTabActivated else {
+                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.commandW.finderTabActivationFailed", [
+                    "windowID": window.id,
+                    "pid": processIdentifier,
+                    "reason": reason
+                ])
+                return .failed("finderTabActivationFailed")
+            }
+        } else {
+            guard let activationOutcome = activateViaPrivateWindowServerAPI(window),
+                  activationOutcome.succeeded
+            else {
+                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowClose.commandW.activationFailed", [
+                    "windowID": window.id,
+                    "pid": processIdentifier,
+                    "reason": reason
+                ])
+                return nil
+            }
         }
 
         Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.08)
@@ -566,6 +712,853 @@
         return finderCandidates.count == 1 ? finderCandidates[0] : nil
     }
 
+    private func activateFinderTabPageIfNeeded(
+        window: AlignerWindow,
+        axMetadata: [AXWindowMetadata],
+        operation: String,
+        reason: String
+    ) -> Bool? {
+        guard isFinderCGOnlyPageCandidate(window),
+              let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier
+        else {
+            return nil
+        }
+
+        let budget = FinderTabActivationBudget(limit: Self.finderTabActivationBudgetLimit)
+        let hostLookupStartedAt = ProcessInfo.processInfo.systemUptime
+        let host = finderTabHostAXWindow(for: window, in: axMetadata, budget: budget)
+        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).finderTab.hostLookup", [
+            "windowID": window.id,
+            "pid": processIdentifier,
+            "reason": reason,
+            "hostFound": host != nil,
+            "hostWindowID": host?.windowID,
+            "elapsedMilliseconds": Self.elapsedMilliseconds(since: hostLookupStartedAt),
+            "overallElapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
+            "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
+            "budgetRemainingMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.remaining)
+        ])
+
+        guard let host else {
+            if budget.isExhausted {
+                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).finderTab.hostMissingBudgetExceeded", [
+                    "windowID": window.id,
+                    "pid": processIdentifier,
+                    "reason": reason,
+                    "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
+                    "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
+                ])
+                return false
+            }
+
+            let normalizedTargetTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(window.title)
+            let applicationActivated = activateApplication(processIdentifier: processIdentifier)
+            let selectedViaWindowMenu = !normalizedTargetTitle.isEmpty
+                && selectFinderWindowMenuItem(
+                    processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
+                    window: window,
+                    normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
+                    budget: budget
+                )
+            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).finderTab.hostlessWindowMenuResult", [
+                "windowID": window.id,
+                "pid": processIdentifier,
+                "reason": reason,
+                "applicationActivated": applicationActivated,
+                "selectedViaWindowMenu": selectedViaWindowMenu,
+                "spaceIDs": window.spaceIDs,
+                "targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
+                "targetTitleLength": window.title.count,
+                "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
+                "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
+            ])
+            if selectedViaWindowMenu {
+                return true
+            }
+
+            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).finderTab.hostMissing", [
+                "windowID": window.id,
+                "pid": processIdentifier,
+                "reason": reason,
+                "spaceIDs": window.spaceIDs,
+                "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
+                "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
+            ])
+            return false
+        }
+
+        let hostPrivateActivationSucceeded: Bool
+        if let hostWindowID = host.windowID,
+           let privateActivationBridge {
+            hostPrivateActivationSucceeded = privateActivationBridge.activate(
+                processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
+                windowID: hostWindowID
+            ).succeeded
+        } else {
+            hostPrivateActivationSucceeded = false
+        }
+
+        let applicationActivated = activateApplication(processIdentifier: processIdentifier)
+        let beforeAttempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(host.element, processIdentifier: processIdentifier)
+        let selectedTabStartedAt = ProcessInfo.processInfo.systemUptime
+        let selectedTab = budget.isExhausted ? false : selectFinderTab(window, in: host, budget: budget)
+        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).finderTab.selectElapsed", [
+            "windowID": window.id,
+            "pid": processIdentifier,
+            "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
+            "selectedTab": selectedTab,
+            "elapsedMilliseconds": Self.elapsedMilliseconds(since: selectedTabStartedAt),
+            "overallElapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
+            "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
+            "budgetRemainingMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.remaining)
+        ])
+        if selectedTab, budget.remaining > 0 {
+            Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: min(0.05, budget.remaining))
+        }
+        let afterAttempt: WindowFocusAttempt?
+        if selectedTab {
+            // For Finder tab/page cards, re-focusing the original host AX window after
+            // selecting the tab can switch Finder back to the host's previous tab.
+            afterAttempt = nil
+        } else {
+            afterAttempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(host.element, processIdentifier: processIdentifier)
+        }
+
+        let didFocusOrRaise = beforeAttempt.success || (afterAttempt?.success ?? false)
+        let activated = selectedTab
+            && (hostPrivateActivationSucceeded || applicationActivated || didFocusOrRaise)
+
+        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("\(operation).finderTab.result", [
+            "windowID": window.id,
+            "pid": processIdentifier,
+            "reason": reason,
+            "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
+            "hostTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(host.title),
+            "hostTitleLength": host.title?.count,
+            "hostPrivateActivated": hostPrivateActivationSucceeded,
+            "applicationActivated": applicationActivated,
+            "selectedTab": selectedTab,
+            "focusBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeAttempt.focused.error),
+            "mainBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeAttempt.main.error),
+            "raiseBeforeAXError": String(describing: beforeAttempt.raised.error),
+            "focusAfterAXError": afterAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.focused.error) } ?? "skippedAfterTabSelection",
+            "mainAfterAXError": afterAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.main.error) } ?? "skippedAfterTabSelection",
+            "raiseAfterAXError": afterAttempt.map { String(describing: $0.raised.error) } ?? "skippedAfterTabSelection",
+            "activated": activated,
+            "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
+            "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
+            "budgetExceeded": budget.isExhausted
+        ])
+
+        return activated
+    }
+
+    private func isFinderCGOnlyPageCandidate(_ window: AlignerWindow) -> Bool {
+        window.identifierSource == .cgWindow
+            && window.app.bundleIdentifier == "com.apple.finder"
+            && !window.title.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).isEmpty
+    }
+
+    private func finderTabHostAXWindow(
+        for window: AlignerWindow,
+        in axMetadata: [AXWindowMetadata],
+        budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
+    ) -> AXWindowMetadata? {
+        guard let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier else { return nil }
+        let candidates = axMetadata.filter { metadata in
+            metadata.processIdentifier == processIdentifier
+                && metadata.subrole == .standard
+                && metadata.frame?.isEmpty == false
+        }
+        guard !candidates.isEmpty else { return nil }
+
+        let targetSpaceIDs = Set(window.spaceIDs)
+        let candidateIDs = candidates.compactMap(\.windowID)
+        let candidateSpacesByID = targetSpaceIDs.isEmpty ? [:] : spaceIDsByWindowIDProvider(candidateIDs)
+        let spaceCompatibleCandidates = targetSpaceIDs.isEmpty
+            ? candidates
+            : candidates.filter { metadata in
+                guard let windowID = metadata.windowID else { return false }
+                return !Set(candidateSpacesByID[windowID] ?? []).isDisjoint(with: targetSpaceIDs)
+            }
+        let spaceScopedCandidates = spaceCompatibleCandidates.isEmpty ? candidates : spaceCompatibleCandidates
+
+        let targetFrame = matchingFrame(for: window)
+        let frameScoredHosts = spaceScopedCandidates.compactMap { metadata -> (metadata: AXWindowMetadata, score: CGFloat)? in
+            guard let score = frameOverlapScore(targetFrame, metadata.frame),
+                  score >= 0.85
+            else {
+                return nil
+            }
+
+            return (metadata, score)
+        }
+        .sorted { lhs, rhs in
+            if lhs.score != rhs.score {
+                return lhs.score > rhs.score
+            }
+            return (lhs.metadata.windowID ?? UInt32.max) < (rhs.metadata.windowID ?? UInt32.max)
+        }
+
+        if let best = frameScoredHosts.first {
+            if frameScoredHosts.count == 1 {
+                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.frameInferredHost", [
+                    "windowID": window.id,
+                    "hostWindowID": best.metadata.windowID,
+                    "score": Double(best.score),
+                    "spaceIDCount": targetSpaceIDs.count,
+                    "candidateCount": spaceScopedCandidates.count,
+                    "targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
+                    "targetTitleLength": window.title.count
+                ])
+                return best.metadata
+            }
+
+            let secondBest = frameScoredHosts[1]
+            if best.score - secondBest.score >= 0.05 {
+                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.frameInferredHost", [
+                    "windowID": window.id,
+                    "hostWindowID": best.metadata.windowID,
+                    "score": Double(best.score),
+                    "secondBestScore": Double(secondBest.score),
+                    "spaceIDCount": targetSpaceIDs.count,
+                    "candidateCount": spaceScopedCandidates.count,
+                    "targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
+                    "targetTitleLength": window.title.count
+                ])
+                return best.metadata
+            }
+        }
+
+        guard !budget.isExhausted else {
+            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.hostLookupBudgetExceeded", [
+                "windowID": window.id,
+                "candidateCount": spaceScopedCandidates.count,
+                "spaceIDCount": targetSpaceIDs.count,
+                "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
+                "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
+            ])
+            return nil
+        }
+
+        let representationScanCandidates = Array(spaceScopedCandidates.prefix(Self.finderTabHostRepresentationScanLimit))
+        let selectableHostCandidates = representationScanCandidates.filter { metadata in
+            finderHostCanRepresentTarget(window, in: metadata, budget: budget)
+        }
+
+        if spaceScopedCandidates.count > representationScanCandidates.count {
+            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.hostRepresentationScanLimited", [
+                "windowID": window.id,
+                "candidateCount": spaceScopedCandidates.count,
+                "scannedCandidateCount": representationScanCandidates.count,
+                "selectableCandidateCount": selectableHostCandidates.count,
+                "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
+                "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
+            ])
+        }
+
+        let hostCandidates = selectableHostCandidates.isEmpty
+            ? spaceScopedCandidates
+            : selectableHostCandidates
+
+        if hostCandidates.count == 1 {
+            if selectableHostCandidates.isEmpty {
+                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.singleFrameHostFallback", [
+                    "windowID": window.id,
+                    "hostWindowID": hostCandidates[0].windowID,
+                    "spaceIDCount": targetSpaceIDs.count,
+                    "targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
+                    "targetTitleLength": window.title.count
+                ])
+            }
+            return hostCandidates[0]
+        }
+
+        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.hostAmbiguous", [
+            "windowID": window.id,
+            "candidateCount": hostCandidates.count,
+            "spaceIDCount": targetSpaceIDs.count,
+            "hasTargetFrame": targetFrame != nil,
+            "targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
+            "targetTitleLength": window.title.count
+        ])
+        return nil
+    }
+
+    private func finderHostCanRepresentTarget(
+        _ window: AlignerWindow,
+        in host: AXWindowMetadata,
+        budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
+    ) -> Bool {
+        let normalizedTargetTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(window.title)
+        guard !normalizedTargetTitle.isEmpty else { return false }
+
+        if normalizedWindowTitle(host.title ?? "") == normalizedTargetTitle {
+            return true
+        }
+
+        guard !budget.isExhausted else { return false }
+        return finderTabControl(matchingNormalizedTitle: normalizedTargetTitle, in: host.element, budget: budget) != nil
+    }
+
+    private func selectFinderTab(
+        _ window: AlignerWindow,
+        in host: AXWindowMetadata,
+        budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
+    ) -> Bool {
+        let normalizedTargetTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(window.title)
+        guard !normalizedTargetTitle.isEmpty else { return false }
+
+        if normalizedWindowTitle(host.title ?? "") == normalizedTargetTitle {
+            return true
+        }
+
+        guard let tabControl = finderTabControl(
+            matchingNormalizedTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
+            in: host.element,
+            budget: budget
+        ) else {
+            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.tabButtonMissing", [
+                "windowID": window.id,
+                "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
+                "targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
+                "targetTitleLength": window.title.count,
+                "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
+                "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
+            ])
+            if let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier,
+               !budget.isExhausted,
+               selectFinderTabByCyclingTabs(
+                processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
+                host: host,
+                window: window,
+                normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
+                budget: budget
+               ) {
+                return true
+            }
+            if let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier,
+               !budget.isExhausted,
+               selectFinderWindowMenuItem(
+                processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
+                window: window,
+                normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
+                budget: budget
+               ) {
+                return true
+            }
+            return false
+        }
+
+        let tabButton = tabControl.button
+        let tabButtonRole = axStringAttribute(kAXRoleAttribute as String, for: tabButton)
+        let tabButtonSubrole = axStringAttribute(kAXSubroleAttribute as String, for: tabButton)
+        let pressResult = AXUIElementPerformAction(tabButton, kAXPressAction as CFString)
+        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.pressTab", [
+            "windowID": window.id,
+            "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
+            "tabButtonRole": tabButtonRole,
+            "tabButtonSubrole": tabButtonSubrole,
+            "axError": String(describing: pressResult)
+        ])
+        if pressResult == .success,
+           finderHostTitleMatchesTarget(
+            host,
+            normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
+            attempts: Self.finderTabFastTitleMatchAttempts,
+            delay: Self.finderTabFastTitleMatchDelay,
+            budget: budget
+           ) {
+            return true
+        }
+
+        if let tabGroup = tabControl.tabGroup {
+            let selectedChildrenResult = AXUIElementSetAttributeValue(
+                tabGroup,
+                kAXSelectedChildrenAttribute as CFString,
+                [tabButton] as CFArray
+            )
+            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.setSelectedChildren", [
+                "windowID": window.id,
+                "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
+                "axError": String(describing: selectedChildrenResult)
+            ])
+            if selectedChildrenResult == .success,
+               finderHostTitleMatchesTarget(
+                host,
+                normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
+                attempts: Self.finderTabFastTitleMatchAttempts,
+                delay: Self.finderTabFastTitleMatchDelay,
+                budget: budget
+               ) {
+                return true
+            }
+        }
+
+        let valueResult = AXUIElementSetAttributeValue(
+            tabButton,
+            kAXValueAttribute as CFString,
+            kCFBooleanTrue
+        )
+        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.setValue", [
+            "windowID": window.id,
+            "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
+            "axError": String(describing: valueResult)
+        ])
+        if valueResult == .success,
+           finderHostTitleMatchesTarget(
+            host,
+            normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
+            attempts: Self.finderTabFastTitleMatchAttempts,
+            delay: Self.finderTabFastTitleMatchDelay,
+            budget: budget
+           ) {
+            return true
+        }
+
+        if let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier,
+           !budget.isExhausted,
+           selectFinderTabByCyclingTabs(
+            processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
+            host: host,
+            window: window,
+            normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
+            budget: budget
+           ) {
+            return true
+        }
+
+        if let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier,
+           !budget.isExhausted,
+           selectFinderWindowMenuItem(
+            processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
+            window: window,
+            normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
+            budget: budget
+           ) {
+            return true
+        }
+
+        let currentHostTitle = axStringAttribute(kAXTitleAttribute as String, for: host.element) ?? ""
+        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.selectionVerificationFailed", [
+            "windowID": window.id,
+            "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
+            "targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
+            "targetTitleLength": window.title.count,
+            "currentHostTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(currentHostTitle),
+            "currentHostTitleLength": currentHostTitle.count,
+            "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
+            "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
+            "budgetExceeded": budget.isExhausted
+        ])
+        return false
+    }
+
+    private func finderTabControl(
+        matchingNormalizedTitle targetTitle: String,
+        in root: AXUIElement,
+        budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
+    ) -> FinderTabControl? {
+        var visitedCount = 0
+
+        func search(_ element: AXUIElement, depth: Int, tabGroup: AXUIElement?) -> FinderTabControl? {
+            visitedCount += 1
+            guard visitedCount <= 240, depth <= 9, !budget.isExhausted else { return nil }
+
+            let role = axStringAttribute(kAXRoleAttribute as String, for: element)
+            let subrole = axStringAttribute(kAXSubroleAttribute as String, for: element)
+            let title = axStringAttribute(kAXTitleAttribute as String, for: element)
+                ?? axStringAttribute(kAXDescriptionAttribute as String, for: element)
+                ?? axStringAttribute(kAXValueAttribute as String, for: element)
+            let isTabGroup = role == "AXTabGroup"
+            let currentTabGroup = isTabGroup ? element : tabGroup
+            let isTabControl = subrole == "AXTabButton"
+                || (currentTabGroup != nil && (role == kAXRadioButtonRole as String || role == kAXButtonRole as String))
+
+            if normalizedWindowTitle(title ?? "") == targetTitle,
+               isTabControl {
+                return FinderTabControl(button: element, tabGroup: currentTabGroup)
+            }
+
+            guard isTabGroup || currentTabGroup != nil || depth < 7 else { return nil }
+            for child in axChildren(of: element) {
+                if let match = search(child, depth: depth + 1, tabGroup: currentTabGroup) {
+                    return match
+                }
+            }
+
+            return nil
+        }
+
+        return search(root, depth: 0, tabGroup: nil)
+    }
+
+    private func finderHostTitleMatchesTarget(
+        _ host: AXWindowMetadata,
+        normalizedTargetTitle: String,
+        attempts: Int = 10,
+        delay: TimeInterval = 0.04,
+        budget: FinderTabActivationBudget? = nil
+    ) -> Bool {
+        let attemptCount = max(1, attempts)
+        for attempt in 0..<attemptCount {
+            if attempt > 0 {
+                let sleepDuration = budget.map { min(delay, $0.remaining) } ?? delay
+                if sleepDuration > 0 {
+                    Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: sleepDuration)
+                }
+            }
+
+            let selectedTitle = normalizedWindowTitle(
+                axStringAttribute(kAXTitleAttribute as String, for: host.element) ?? ""
+            )
+            if selectedTitle == normalizedTargetTitle {
+                return true
+            }
+
+            if budget?.isExhausted == true {
+                break
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false
+    }
+
+    private func selectFinderWindowMenuItem(
+        processIdentifier: Int32,
+        window: AlignerWindow,
+        normalizedTargetTitle: String,
+        budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
+    ) -> Bool {
+        guard !budget.isExhausted else {
+            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.windowMenuSkippedBudgetExceeded", [
+                "windowID": window.id,
+                "pid": processIdentifier,
+                "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
+                "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
+            ])
+            return false
+        }
+
+        let appElement = AXUIElementCreateApplication(processIdentifier)
+        guard let menuBar = axElementAttribute(kAXMenuBarAttribute as String, for: appElement) else {
+            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.windowMenuMissing", [
+                "windowID": window.id,
+                "pid": processIdentifier
+            ])
+            return false
+        }
+
+        for menuBarItem in axChildren(of: menuBar) where isWindowMenuBarItem(menuBarItem) {
+            let openResult = AXUIElementPerformAction(menuBarItem, kAXPressAction as CFString)
+            if budget.remaining > 0 {
+                Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: min(0.08, budget.remaining))
+            }
+            guard openResult == .success,
+                  let menuItem = finderWindowMenuItem(
+                    matchingNormalizedTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
+                    in: menuBarItem,
+                    budget: budget
+                  )
+            else {
+                continue
+            }
+
+            let pressResult = AXUIElementPerformAction(menuItem, kAXPressAction as CFString)
+            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.windowMenuPress", [
+                "windowID": window.id,
+                "pid": processIdentifier,
+                "axError": String(describing: pressResult)
+            ])
+            guard pressResult == .success else { return false }
+
+            if finderFocusedWindowTitleMatches(
+                processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
+                window: window,
+                normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
+                initialDelay: Self.finderTabWindowMenuVerificationInitialDelay,
+                attempts: Self.finderTabWindowMenuVerificationAttempts,
+                delay: Self.finderTabWindowMenuVerificationDelay,
+                requiredConsecutiveMatches: 2,
+                budget: budget
+            ) {
+                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.windowMenuSucceeded", [
+                    "windowID": window.id,
+                    "pid": processIdentifier,
+                    "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
+                    "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
+                ])
+                return true
+            }
+
+            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.windowMenuVerificationFailed", [
+                "windowID": window.id,
+                "pid": processIdentifier,
+                "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
+                "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
+                "budgetExceeded": budget.isExhausted
+            ])
+        }
+
+        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.windowMenuItemMissing", [
+            "windowID": window.id,
+            "pid": processIdentifier,
+            "targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
+            "targetTitleLength": window.title.count,
+            "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
+            "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
+            "budgetExceeded": budget.isExhausted
+        ])
+        return false
+    }
+
+    private func isWindowMenuBarItem(_ element: AXUIElement) -> Bool {
+        let title = normalizedWindowTitle(axStringAttribute(kAXTitleAttribute as String, for: element) ?? "")
+        return title == "window" || title == "窗口"
+    }
+
+    private func finderWindowMenuItem(
+        matchingNormalizedTitle targetTitle: String,
+        in root: AXUIElement,
+        budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
+    ) -> AXUIElement? {
+        var visitedCount = 0
+
+        func search(_ element: AXUIElement, depth: Int) -> AXUIElement? {
+            visitedCount += 1
+            guard visitedCount <= 500, depth <= 8, !budget.isExhausted else { return nil }
+
+            let role = axStringAttribute(kAXRoleAttribute as String, for: element)
+            let title = axStringAttribute(kAXTitleAttribute as String, for: element)
+                ?? axStringAttribute(kAXDescriptionAttribute as String, for: element)
+            if role == kAXMenuItemRole as String,
+               normalizedWindowTitle(title ?? "") == targetTitle {
+                return element
+            }
+
+            for child in axChildren(of: element) {
+                if let match = search(child, depth: depth + 1) {
+                    return match
+                }
+            }
+
+            return nil
+        }
+
+        return search(root, depth: 0)
+    }
+
+    private func finderFocusedOrMainWindowTitle(processIdentifier: Int32) -> String? {
+        let appElement = AXUIElementCreateApplication(processIdentifier)
+        let focusedWindow = axElementAttribute(kAXFocusedWindowAttribute as String, for: appElement)
+            ?? axElementAttribute(kAXMainWindowAttribute as String, for: appElement)
+        return focusedWindow.flatMap {
+            axStringAttribute(kAXTitleAttribute as String, for: $0)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func finderFocusedWindowTitleMatches(
+        processIdentifier: Int32,
+        window: AlignerWindow,
+        normalizedTargetTitle: String,
+        initialDelay: TimeInterval,
+        attempts: Int,
+        delay: TimeInterval,
+        requiredConsecutiveMatches: Int,
+        budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
+    ) -> Bool {
+        var consecutiveMatches = 0
+        var lastTitle: String?
+
+        if budget.remaining > 0 {
+            Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: min(initialDelay, budget.remaining))
+        }
+        let attemptCount = max(1, attempts)
+        for attempt in 0..<attemptCount {
+            let title = finderFocusedOrMainWindowTitle(processIdentifier: processIdentifier)
+            lastTitle = title
+            if normalizedWindowTitle(title ?? "") == normalizedTargetTitle {
+                consecutiveMatches += 1
+            } else {
+                consecutiveMatches = 0
+            }
+
+            if consecutiveMatches >= requiredConsecutiveMatches {
+                return true
+            }
+            if budget.isExhausted || attempt == attemptCount - 1 {
+                break
+            }
+            let sleepDuration = min(delay, budget.remaining)
+            if sleepDuration > 0 {
+                Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: sleepDuration)
+            }
+        }
+
+        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.focusedTitleMismatch", [
+            "windowID": window.id,
+            "pid": processIdentifier,
+            "targetTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(window.title),
+            "targetTitleLength": window.title.count,
+            "lastTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(lastTitle),
+            "lastTitleLength": lastTitle?.count,
+            "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
+            "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
+            "budgetExceeded": budget.isExhausted
+        ])
+        return false
+    }
+
+    private func selectFinderTabByCyclingTabs(
+        processIdentifier: Int32,
+        host: AXWindowMetadata,
+        window: AlignerWindow,
+        normalizedTargetTitle: String,
+        budget: FinderTabActivationBudget
+    ) -> Bool {
+        let maximumAttempts = Self.finderTabCycleMaximumAttempts
+        for attempt in 1...maximumAttempts {
+            guard !budget.isExhausted else {
+                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.cycleBudgetExceeded", [
+                    "windowID": window.id,
+                    "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
+                    "attempt": attempt,
+                    "attemptLimit": maximumAttempts,
+                    "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
+                    "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
+                ])
+                return false
+            }
+
+            for shortcut in Self.finderNextTabShortcuts {
+                guard postKeyboardShortcut(to: processIdentifier, shortcut: shortcut) else {
+                    DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.cyclePostFailed", [
+                        "windowID": window.id,
+                        "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
+                        "attempt": attempt,
+                        "shortcut": shortcut.name
+                    ])
+                    return false
+                }
+
+                if finderHostTitleMatchesTarget(
+                    host,
+                    normalizedTargetTitle: normalizedTargetTitle,
+                    attempts: 2,
+                    delay: 0.025,
+                    budget: budget
+                ) {
+                    DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.cycleSucceeded", [
+                        "windowID": window.id,
+                        "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
+                        "attempt": attempt,
+                        "attemptLimit": maximumAttempts,
+                        "shortcut": shortcut.name,
+                        "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
+                        "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit)
+                    ])
+                    return true
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.finderTab.cycleFailed", [
+            "windowID": window.id,
+            "hostWindowID": host.windowID,
+            "attemptCount": maximumAttempts,
+            "elapsedMilliseconds": budget.elapsedMilliseconds,
+            "budgetMilliseconds": Self.milliseconds(budget.limit),
+            "budgetExceeded": budget.isExhausted
+        ])
+        return false
+    }
+
+    private func postKeyboardShortcut(
+        to processIdentifier: Int32,
+        shortcut: KeyboardShortcut
+    ) -> Bool {
+        let source = CGEventSource(stateID: .combinedSessionState)
+        guard let keyDown = CGEvent(
+            keyboardEventSource: source,
+            virtualKey: shortcut.keyCode,
+            keyDown: true
+        ),
+              let keyUp = CGEvent(
+                keyboardEventSource: source,
+                virtualKey: shortcut.keyCode,
+                keyDown: false
+              )
+        else {
+            return false
+        }
+
+        keyDown.flags = shortcut.flags
+        keyUp.flags = shortcut.flags
+        keyDown.postToPid(processIdentifier)
+        keyUp.postToPid(processIdentifier)
+        return true
+    }
+
+    private func axChildren(of element: AXUIElement) -> [AXUIElement] {
+        var value: CFTypeRef?
+        guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(element, kAXChildrenAttribute as CFString, &value) == .success,
+              let children = value as? [AXUIElement]
+        else {
+            return []
+        }
+
+        return children
+    }
+
+    private func axStringAttribute(_ attribute: String, for element: AXUIElement) -> String? {
+        var value: CFTypeRef?
+        guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(element, attribute as CFString, &value) == .success,
+              let value
+        else {
+            return nil
+        }
+
+        return value as? String
+    }
+
+    private func axElementAttribute(_ attribute: String, for element: AXUIElement) -> AXUIElement? {
+        var value: CFTypeRef?
+        guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(element, attribute as CFString, &value) == .success,
+              let value,
+              CFGetTypeID(value) == AXUIElementGetTypeID()
+        else {
+            return nil
+        }
+
+        return (value as! AXUIElement)
+    }
+
+    private func frameOverlapScore(_ lhs: CGRect?, _ rhs: CGRect?) -> CGFloat? {
+        guard let lhs,
+              let rhs,
+              !lhs.isEmpty,
+              !rhs.isEmpty
+        else {
+            return nil
+        }
+
+        let intersection = lhs.intersection(rhs)
+        guard !intersection.isNull,
+              !intersection.isEmpty
+        else {
+            return nil
+        }
+
+        let denominator = min(lhs.width * lhs.height, rhs.width * rhs.height)
+        guard denominator > 0 else { return nil }
+        let overlap = (intersection.width * intersection.height) / denominator
+        let widthSimilarity = min(lhs.width, rhs.width) / max(lhs.width, rhs.width)
+        let heightSimilarity = min(lhs.height, rhs.height) / max(lhs.height, rhs.height)
+        let sizeSimilarity = min(widthSimilarity, heightSimilarity)
+        guard sizeSimilarity >= 0.80 else { return nil }
+        return min(overlap, sizeSimilarity)
+    }
+
     private func cgWindowFingerprint(for window: AlignerWindow) -> AXWindowFingerprint? {
         guard let rawWindows = CGWindowListCopyWindowInfo(
             [.optionIncludingWindow],
@@ -586,7 +1579,7 @@
 
     private func axWindowGeometryFingerprint(for window: AlignerWindow) -> AXWindowGeometryFingerprint? {
         guard let processIdentifier = window.app.processIdentifier else { return nil }
-        let frame = cgWindowFrame(for: window) ?? window.frame
+        let frame = matchingFrame(for: window)
         return AXWindowGeometryFingerprint(
             processIdentifier: processIdentifier,
             title: normalizedWindowTitle(window.title),
@@ -605,6 +1598,14 @@
         }
 
         return bounds(rawWindow[kCGWindowBounds as String])
+    }
+
+    private func matchingFrame(for window: AlignerWindow) -> CGRect? {
+        if isFinderCGOnlyPageCandidate(window) {
+            return window.frame ?? cgWindowFrame(for: window)
+        }
+
+        return cgWindowFrame(for: window) ?? window.frame
     }
 
     private func matchingAXTitleCandidateCount(
@@ -869,10 +1870,33 @@
             }
 
             let spaceIDs = spaceIDsByWindowID[resolvedWindowID] ?? []
-            nextRestorableAXWindowsByID[resolvedWindowID] = RestorableAXWindow(
-                processIdentifier: axWindow.processIdentifier,
-                element: axWindow.element
-            )
+            let isFullscreen = !Set(spaceIDs).isDisjoint(with: fullscreenSpaceIDs)
+            guard WindowEnumerationPolicy.shouldIncludeAXOnlyRecord(
+                identifierSource: identifierSource,
+                isMinimized: axWindow.isMinimized,
+                isFullscreen: isFullscreen,
+                spaceIDs: spaceIDs
+            ) else {
+                DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowEnumeration.axOnly.lowConfidenceSkipped", [
+                    "windowID": resolvedWindowID,
+                    "pid": axWindow.processIdentifier,
+                    "appName": axWindow.app.name,
+                    "bundleIdentifier": axWindow.app.bundleIdentifier,
+                    "titleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(axWindow.title ?? ""),
+                    "titleLength": axWindow.title?.count ?? 0,
+                    "identifierSource": String(describing: identifierSource),
+                    "isMinimized": axWindow.isMinimized,
+                    "isFullscreen": isFullscreen,
+                    "spaceIDCount": spaceIDs.count
+                ])
+                continue
+            }
+            if axWindow.isMinimized {
+                nextRestorableAXWindowsByID[resolvedWindowID] = RestorableAXWindow(
+                    processIdentifier: axWindow.processIdentifier,
+                    element: axWindow.element
+                )
+            }
             axOnlyRecords.append(WindowEnumerationRecord(
                 id: resolvedWindowID,
                 app: axWindow.app,
@@ -883,7 +1907,7 @@
                 frame: axWindow.frame,
                 subrole: axWindow.subrole,
                 isMinimized: axWindow.isMinimized,
-                isFullscreen: !Set(spaceIDs).isDisjoint(with: fullscreenSpaceIDs),
+                isFullscreen: isFullscreen,
                 isGhost: false,
                 isDesktopElement: false,
                 isSystemCritical: isSystemCritical(app: axWindow.app),
@@ -895,7 +1919,31 @@
         }
 
         restorableAXWindowsByID = nextRestorableAXWindowsByID
-        return cgRecords + axOnlyRecords
+        let records = cgRecords + axOnlyRecords
+        let attributedRecords = FinderTabSpaceAttributionPolicy.attributedRecords(records)
+        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowEnumeration.finderTabSpaceAttribution", [
+            "finderNoSpaceCandidateCount": records.filter { record in
+                record.app.bundleIdentifier == "com.apple.finder"
+                    && record.identifierSource == .cgWindow
+                    && record.spaceIDs.isEmpty
+                    && !record.title.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).isEmpty
+                    && record.frame?.isEmpty == false
+            }.count,
+            "finderFullscreenHostCount": records.filter { record in
+                record.app.bundleIdentifier == "com.apple.finder"
+                    && record.isFullscreen
+                    && !record.spaceIDs.isEmpty
+                    && record.subrole == .standard
+                    && record.frame?.isEmpty == false
+            }.count,
+            "attributedCount": zip(records, attributedRecords).filter { before, after in
+                before.spaceIDs.isEmpty && !after.spaceIDs.isEmpty
+            }.count,
+            "attributedWindowIDs": zip(records, attributedRecords).compactMap { before, after in
+                before.spaceIDs.isEmpty && !after.spaceIDs.isEmpty ? after.id : nil
+            }
+        ])
+        return attributedRecords
     }
 
     private func app(
@@ -957,6 +2005,64 @@
         return activated
     }
 
+    private func retryFocusMainRaiseWindow(
+        for window: AlignerWindow,
+        delay: TimeInterval,
+        matchAttempt: String
+    ) -> WindowFocusAttempt? {
+        if delay > 0 {
+            Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: delay)
+        }
+
+        let retryMetadata = AXWindowMetadataReader.metadata(appCategorizer: appCategorizer)
+        guard let retryAXWindow = axWindow(
+            for: window,
+            in: retryMetadata,
+            operation: "windowActivation",
+            matchAttempt: matchAttempt
+        ) else {
+            DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.retryAXLookupMissing", [
+                "windowID": window.id,
+                "pid": window.app.processIdentifier,
+                "attempt": matchAttempt,
+                "candidateCount": retryMetadata.filter { $0.processIdentifier == window.app.processIdentifier }.count,
+                "matchingTitleCandidateCount": matchingAXTitleCandidateCount(for: window, in: retryMetadata),
+                "matchingSizeCandidateCount": matchingAXSizeCandidateCount(for: window, in: retryMetadata)
+            ])
+            return nil
+        }
+
+        let attempt = focusMainRaiseWindowResult(
+            retryAXWindow.element,
+            processIdentifier: retryAXWindow.processIdentifier
+        )
+        DevelopmentDiagnostics.log("windowActivation.activate.retryAXFocus", [
+            "windowID": window.id,
+            "pid": retryAXWindow.processIdentifier,
+            "attempt": matchAttempt,
+            "matchedWindowID": retryAXWindow.windowID,
+            "matchedTitleHash": DevelopmentDiagnostics.stableFingerprint(retryAXWindow.title),
+            "focused": attempt.focused.success,
+            "focusAXError": String(describing: attempt.focused.error),
+            "main": attempt.main.success,
+            "mainAXError": String(describing: attempt.main.error),
+            "raised": attempt.raised.success,
+            "raiseAXError": String(describing: attempt.raised.error)
+        ])
+        return attempt
+    }
+
+    private func focusMainRaiseWindowResult(
+        _ window: AXUIElement,
+        processIdentifier: Int32
+    ) -> WindowFocusAttempt {
+        WindowFocusAttempt(
+            focused: focusWindowResult(window, processIdentifier: processIdentifier),
+            main: mainWindowResult(window),
+            raised: raiseWindowResult(window)
+        )
+    }
+
     private func focusWindowResult(_ window: AXUIElement, processIdentifier: Int32) -> AXActionResult {
         let appElement = AXUIElementCreateApplication(processIdentifier)
         let error = AXUIElementSetAttributeValue(
@@ -967,8 +2073,25 @@
         return AXActionResult(error: error)
     }
 
+    private func mainWindowResult(_ window: AXUIElement) -> AXActionResult {
+        let error = AXUIElementSetAttributeValue(
+            window,
+            kAXMainAttribute as CFString,
+            kCFBooleanTrue
+        )
+        return AXActionResult(error: error)
+    }
+
     private func raiseWindowResult(_ window: AXUIElement) -> AXActionResult {
         AXActionResult(error: AXUIElementPerformAction(window, kAXRaiseAction as CFString))
+    }
+
+    private static func elapsedMilliseconds(since startedAt: TimeInterval) -> Int {
+        milliseconds(ProcessInfo.processInfo.systemUptime - startedAt)
+    }
+
+    private static func milliseconds(_ interval: TimeInterval) -> Int {
+        Int((max(0, interval) * 1_000).rounded())
     }
 
     private func activationPolicy(from runningApplication: NSRunningApplication?) -> AlignerActivationPolicy {
@@ -1115,6 +2238,12 @@
     }
 
     private static let commandWVirtualKeyCode: CGKeyCode = 13
+    private static let rightBracketVirtualKeyCode: CGKeyCode = 30
+    private static let tabVirtualKeyCode: CGKeyCode = 48
+    private static let finderNextTabShortcuts: [KeyboardShortcut] = [
+        KeyboardShortcut(name: "controlTab", keyCode: tabVirtualKeyCode, flags: .maskControl),
+        KeyboardShortcut(name: "commandShiftRightBracket", keyCode: rightBracketVirtualKeyCode, flags: [.maskCommand, .maskShift])
+    ]
 }
 
 private struct AXWindowMetadata {

--
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