From 65fc2a130aa2eb38173a3dad4eee34e6600baa11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ariver <shanghai3168@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Jun 2026 19:52:09 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] Fix localized default category labels

---
 src/Apptag/AppGridCollectionView.swift | 1317 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 files changed, 1,294 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/Apptag/AppGridCollectionView.swift b/src/Apptag/AppGridCollectionView.swift
index 68e508c..d124a61 100644
--- a/src/Apptag/AppGridCollectionView.swift
+++ b/src/Apptag/AppGridCollectionView.swift
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import SwiftUI
 import AppKit
+import Carbon.HIToolbox
 
 fileprivate enum AppGridCollectionDisplayMode: Equatable {
     case flat
@@ -27,6 +28,21 @@
 
     static let externalInteraction = AppGridBubbleSuppressionReasons(rawValue: 1 << 0)
     static let scroll = AppGridBubbleSuppressionReasons(rawValue: 1 << 1)
+    static let usageTipsHover = AppGridBubbleSuppressionReasons(rawValue: 1 << 2)
+}
+
+struct AppGridUsageTip: Equatable {
+    let id: Int
+    let titleKey: String
+    let detailKey: String
+}
+
+enum AppGridUsageTipsMetrics {
+    static let barHeight: CGFloat = 154
+    static let reservedHeight: CGFloat = 194
+    static let bottomMargin: CGFloat = 20
+    static let horizontalInset: CGFloat = 24
+    static let minWidth: CGFloat = 640
 }
 
 struct AppGridCollectionView: NSViewRepresentable {
@@ -35,9 +51,14 @@
     let displayMode: String
     let iconSize: CGFloat
     let showNames: Bool
+    let appGridTheme: AppGridTheme
     let bubbleDisabled: Bool
     let showUncommonAppBubbles: Bool
     let highlightedGroupName: String?
+    let bottomContentPadding: CGFloat
+    let usageTipsVisible: Bool
+    let usageTips: [AppGridUsageTip]
+    @Binding var selectedUsageTipIndex: Int
     let contentRevision: Int
     let scrollTargetID: String?
     let scrollRequestToken: Int
@@ -50,6 +71,8 @@
     let onGroupActivate: (String) -> Void
     let onScrollActivity: () -> Void
     let onDragModeChange: (Bool) -> Void
+    let onHideUsageTips: () -> Void
+    let onUsageTipsHoverChange: (Bool) -> Void
 
     func makeCoordinator() -> Coordinator {
         Coordinator()
@@ -62,15 +85,21 @@
     }
 
     func updateNSView(_ view: AppGridCollectionHostView, context: Context) {
+        let selectedUsageTipIndexBinding = $selectedUsageTipIndex
         context.coordinator.update(
             groups: groups,
             tagColors: tagColors,
             displayMode: displayMode,
             iconSize: iconSize,
             showNames: showNames,
+            appGridTheme: appGridTheme,
             bubbleDisabled: bubbleDisabled,
             showUncommonAppBubbles: showUncommonAppBubbles,
             highlightedGroupName: highlightedGroupName,
+            bottomContentPadding: bottomContentPadding,
+            usageTipsVisible: usageTipsVisible,
+            usageTips: usageTips,
+            selectedUsageTipIndex: selectedUsageTipIndex,
             contentRevision: contentRevision,
             scrollTargetID: scrollTargetID,
             scrollRequestToken: scrollRequestToken,
@@ -82,7 +111,10 @@
             onReorderApps: onReorderApps,
             onGroupActivate: onGroupActivate,
             onScrollActivity: onScrollActivity,
-            onDragModeChange: onDragModeChange
+            onDragModeChange: onDragModeChange,
+            onHideUsageTips: onHideUsageTips,
+            onUsageTipIndexChange: { selectedUsageTipIndexBinding.wrappedValue = $0 },
+            onUsageTipsHoverChange: onUsageTipsHoverChange
         )
         view.applyCoordinatorUpdate()
     }
@@ -93,10 +125,16 @@
         var displayMode = AppDefaults.displayMode
         var iconSize: CGFloat = AppDefaults.iconSize
         var showNames = true
+        var appGridTheme = AppGridTheme.fallback
         private var externalBubbleDisabled = false
         private var scrollBubbleDisabled = false
         var showUncommonAppBubbles = AppDefaults.showUncommonAppBubbles
         var highlightedGroupName: String?
+        var bottomContentPadding: CGFloat = 0
+        var usageTipsVisible = false
+        var usageTips: [AppGridUsageTip] = []
+        var selectedUsageTipIndex = 0
+        private var usageTipsBubbleDisabled = false
         var contentRevision = 0
         var scrollTargetID: String?
         var scrollRequestToken = 0
@@ -113,6 +151,9 @@
         var onGroupActivate: (String) -> Void = { _ in }
         var onScrollActivity: () -> Void = {}
         var onDragModeChange: (Bool) -> Void = { _ in }
+        var onHideUsageTips: () -> Void = {}
+        var onUsageTipIndexChange: (Int) -> Void = { _ in }
+        var onUsageTipsHoverChange: (Bool) -> Void = { _ in }
 
         private weak var activeReorderCard: AppGridGroupCardView?
         private var activeDragPath = ""
@@ -126,9 +167,14 @@
             displayMode: String,
             iconSize: CGFloat,
             showNames: Bool,
+            appGridTheme: AppGridTheme,
             bubbleDisabled: Bool,
             showUncommonAppBubbles: Bool,
             highlightedGroupName: String?,
+            bottomContentPadding: CGFloat,
+            usageTipsVisible: Bool,
+            usageTips: [AppGridUsageTip],
+            selectedUsageTipIndex: Int,
             contentRevision: Int,
             scrollTargetID: String?,
             scrollRequestToken: Int,
@@ -140,16 +186,24 @@
             onReorderApps: @escaping (String, [String]) -> Void,
             onGroupActivate: @escaping (String) -> Void,
             onScrollActivity: @escaping () -> Void,
-            onDragModeChange: @escaping (Bool) -> Void
+            onDragModeChange: @escaping (Bool) -> Void,
+            onHideUsageTips: @escaping () -> Void,
+            onUsageTipIndexChange: @escaping (Int) -> Void,
+            onUsageTipsHoverChange: @escaping (Bool) -> Void
         ) {
             self.groups = groups
             self.tagColors = tagColors
             self.displayMode = displayMode
             self.iconSize = iconSize
             self.showNames = showNames
+            self.appGridTheme = appGridTheme
             self.externalBubbleDisabled = bubbleDisabled
             self.showUncommonAppBubbles = showUncommonAppBubbles
             self.highlightedGroupName = highlightedGroupName
+            self.bottomContentPadding = max(0, bottomContentPadding)
+            self.usageTipsVisible = usageTipsVisible && !usageTips.isEmpty
+            self.usageTips = usageTips
+            self.selectedUsageTipIndex = Self.clampedUsageTipIndex(selectedUsageTipIndex, tips: usageTips)
             self.contentRevision = contentRevision
             self.scrollTargetID = scrollTargetID
             self.scrollRequestToken = scrollRequestToken
@@ -162,13 +216,21 @@
             self.onGroupActivate = onGroupActivate
             self.onScrollActivity = onScrollActivity
             self.onDragModeChange = onDragModeChange
+            self.onHideUsageTips = onHideUsageTips
+            self.onUsageTipIndexChange = onUsageTipIndexChange
+            self.onUsageTipsHoverChange = onUsageTipsHoverChange
+            if !self.usageTipsVisible {
+                usageTipsBubbleDisabled = false
+            }
 
             let nextSignature = Self.signature(
                 tagColors: tagColors,
                 displayMode: displayMode,
                 iconSize: iconSize,
                 showNames: showNames,
+                appGridTheme: appGridTheme,
                 showUncommonAppBubbles: showUncommonAppBubbles,
+                bottomContentPadding: self.bottomContentPadding,
                 contentRevision: contentRevision
             )
             if nextSignature != contentSignature {
@@ -225,6 +287,9 @@
             if scrollBubbleDisabled {
                 reasons.insert(.scroll)
             }
+            if usageTipsBubbleDisabled {
+                reasons.insert(.usageTipsHover)
+            }
             return reasons
         }
 
@@ -237,6 +302,22 @@
             guard scrollBubbleDisabled != disabled else { return false }
             scrollBubbleDisabled = disabled
             return true
+        }
+
+        @discardableResult
+        func setUsageTipsBubbleDisabled(_ disabled: Bool) -> Bool {
+            guard usageTipsBubbleDisabled != disabled else { return false }
+            usageTipsBubbleDisabled = disabled
+            return true
+        }
+
+        func selectUsageTip(offset: Int) {
+            guard !usageTips.isEmpty else { return }
+            let count = usageTips.count
+            let nextIndex = (selectedUsageTipIndex + offset + count) % count
+            guard nextIndex != selectedUsageTipIndex else { return }
+            selectedUsageTipIndex = nextIndex
+            onUsageTipIndexChange(nextIndex)
         }
 
         fileprivate func beginAppIconDrag(path: String, sourceContainerID: String) {
@@ -282,10 +363,16 @@
                 if activeReorderCard === card {
                     activeReorderCard = nil
                 }
+                if lastReorderContainerID == card.containerID {
+                    lastReorderContainerID = ""
+                    lastReorderScreenFrame = nil
+                }
                 return
             }
             activeReorderCard?.clearReorderInsertion()
             activeReorderCard = nil
+            lastReorderContainerID = ""
+            lastReorderScreenFrame = nil
         }
 
         fileprivate func activeReorderPath(in containerID: String, copy: Bool) -> String? {
@@ -308,7 +395,8 @@
                   let lastReorderScreenFrame
             else { return false }
 
-            return lastReorderScreenFrame.insetBy(dx: -44, dy: -44).contains(screenPoint)
+            let guardOutset = AppGridCollectionMetrics.reorderEmptyDropCancelOutset
+            return lastReorderScreenFrame.insetBy(dx: -guardOutset, dy: -guardOutset).contains(screenPoint)
         }
 
         private static func signature(
@@ -316,7 +404,9 @@
             displayMode: String,
             iconSize: CGFloat,
             showNames: Bool,
+            appGridTheme: AppGridTheme,
             showUncommonAppBubbles: Bool,
+            bottomContentPadding: CGFloat,
             contentRevision: Int
         ) -> String {
             let colorPart = tagColors
@@ -327,10 +417,17 @@
                 displayMode,
                 "\(Int(iconSize.rounded()))",
                 showNames ? "names" : "nonames",
+                "theme=\(appGridTheme.rawValue)",
                 showUncommonAppBubbles ? "uncommon" : "allbubbles",
+                "bottom=\(Int(bottomContentPadding.rounded()))",
                 colorPart,
                 "rev=\(contentRevision)"
             ].joined(separator: "|")
+        }
+
+        private static func clampedUsageTipIndex(_ index: Int, tips: [AppGridUsageTip]) -> Int {
+            guard !tips.isEmpty else { return 0 }
+            return min(max(0, index), tips.count - 1)
         }
     }
 }
@@ -350,12 +447,16 @@
     private let scrollView = AppGridScrollView()
     private let collectionView = NSCollectionView()
     private let gridLayout = AppGridContainerCollectionLayout()
+    private let usageTipsShieldView = AppGridUsageTipsShieldView()
+    private let usageTipsView = AppGridUsageTipsNSView()
     private weak var coordinator: AppGridCollectionView.Coordinator?
     private var scrollObserver: NSObjectProtocol?
     private var lastLayoutSize: NSSize = .zero
     private var lastReportedBoundsOrigin: NSPoint?
     private var scrollUnfreezeWorkItem: DispatchWorkItem?
     private var scrollActivityIsActive = false
+    private var usageTipsEventRegionIsClaimed = false
+    private var usageTipsMouseMonitor: Any?
 
     override var isFlipped: Bool { true }
 
@@ -373,6 +474,7 @@
         if let scrollObserver {
             NotificationCenter.default.removeObserver(scrollObserver)
         }
+        removeUsageTipsMouseMonitor()
         scrollUnfreezeWorkItem?.cancel()
         coordinator?.cancelAppIconDrag()
         AppDragCoordinator.shared.unregisterEmptyDropTarget(id: emptyDropTargetID)
@@ -381,12 +483,14 @@
     func configure(coordinator: AppGridCollectionView.Coordinator) {
         self.coordinator = coordinator
         gridLayout.coordinator = coordinator
+        usageTipsView.coordinator = coordinator
         collectionView.dataSource = coordinator
         collectionView.delegate = coordinator
     }
 
     func applyCoordinatorUpdate() {
         guard let coordinator else { return }
+        applyAppearance()
         if coordinator.needsReload {
             coordinator.needsReload = false
             collectionView.reloadData()
@@ -407,11 +511,14 @@
                 }
             }
         }
+        usageTipsView.applyCoordinatorState()
+        positionUsageTipsView()
     }
 
     override func layout() {
         super.layout()
         scrollView.frame = bounds
+        positionUsageTipsView()
         if lastLayoutSize != bounds.size {
             lastLayoutSize = bounds.size
             gridLayout.invalidateLayout()
@@ -421,12 +528,23 @@
     override func viewDidMoveToWindow() {
         super.viewDidMoveToWindow()
         if window == nil {
+            removeUsageTipsMouseMonitor()
             AppDragCoordinator.shared.cancelDrag()
             coordinator?.cancelAppIconDrag()
             AppDragCoordinator.shared.unregisterEmptyDropTarget(id: emptyDropTargetID)
         } else {
+            installUsageTipsMouseMonitor()
             AppDragCoordinator.shared.registerEmptyDropTarget(id: emptyDropTargetID, view: self)
         }
+    }
+
+    override func hitTest(_ point: NSPoint) -> NSView? {
+        if !usageTipsView.isHidden,
+           usageTipsView.frame.contains(point) {
+            let tipsPoint = usageTipsView.convert(point, from: self)
+            return usageTipsView.hitTest(tipsPoint) ?? usageTipsView
+        }
+        return super.hitTest(point)
     }
 
     func performEmptyDrop(path: String, source: String, screenPoint: NSPoint, copy: Bool) {
@@ -444,6 +562,17 @@
         DispatchQueue.main.async {
             coordinator.onDropOutsideGroup(path, source, copy)
         }
+    }
+
+    func canPreviewEmptyDrop(path: String, source: String, screenPoint: NSPoint, copy: Bool) -> Bool {
+        guard let coordinator,
+              coordinator.displayStyle != .flat
+        else { return false }
+        return !coordinator.shouldCancelEmptyDropForActiveReorder(
+            path: path,
+            screenPoint: screenPoint,
+            copy: copy
+        )
     }
 
     private func setup() {
@@ -465,6 +594,16 @@
         scrollView.borderType = .noBorder
         scrollView.documentView = collectionView
         addSubview(scrollView)
+        usageTipsShieldView.isHidden = true
+        usageTipsShieldView.onClaim = { [weak self] in
+            self?.claimUsageTipsEventRegion()
+        }
+        usageTipsShieldView.onRelease = { [weak self] in
+            self?.releaseUsageTipsEventRegion()
+        }
+        usageTipsView.isHidden = true
+        addSubview(usageTipsShieldView, positioned: .above, relativeTo: scrollView)
+        addSubview(usageTipsView, positioned: .above, relativeTo: usageTipsShieldView)
 
         scrollView.contentView.postsBoundsChangedNotifications = true
         scrollObserver = NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(
@@ -477,6 +616,70 @@
             else { return }
             self.handleScrollActivity()
         }
+    }
+
+    private func positionUsageTipsView() {
+        guard let coordinator,
+              coordinator.usageTipsVisible
+        else {
+            usageTipsView.isHidden = true
+            usageTipsShieldView.isHidden = true
+            usageTipsView.clearHoverState()
+            releaseUsageTipsEventRegion()
+            usageTipsView.frame = .zero
+            usageTipsShieldView.frame = .zero
+            return
+        }
+
+        let inset = min(AppGridUsageTipsMetrics.horizontalInset, max(0, bounds.width / 4))
+        let availableWidth = max(1, bounds.width - inset * 2)
+        let width = usageTipsView.preferredWidth(maxAvailableWidth: availableWidth)
+        let height = AppGridUsageTipsMetrics.barHeight
+        usageTipsShieldView.isHidden = false
+        usageTipsShieldView.frame = usageTipsEventRegion()
+        usageTipsView.configureVisualLayout(
+            width: width,
+            height: height,
+            bottomMargin: AppGridUsageTipsMetrics.bottomMargin
+        )
+        usageTipsView.isHidden = false
+        usageTipsView.frame = usageTipsEventRegion()
+    }
+
+    fileprivate func relayoutUsageTipsAfterContentChange() {
+        positionUsageTipsView()
+        usageTipsView.needsLayout = true
+    }
+
+    private func usageTipsEventRegion() -> NSRect {
+        guard let coordinator,
+              coordinator.usageTipsVisible
+        else { return .zero }
+        let height = min(bounds.height, AppGridUsageTipsMetrics.reservedHeight)
+        return NSRect(
+            x: 0,
+            y: max(0, bounds.height - height),
+            width: bounds.width,
+            height: height
+        )
+    }
+
+    private func claimUsageTipsEventRegion() {
+        usageTipsEventRegionIsClaimed = true
+        window?.makeFirstResponder(usageTipsView)
+        if coordinator?.setUsageTipsBubbleDisabled(true) == true {
+            refreshVisibleRuntimeState()
+        }
+        coordinator?.onUsageTipsHoverChange(true)
+    }
+
+    private func releaseUsageTipsEventRegion() {
+        guard usageTipsEventRegionIsClaimed else { return }
+        usageTipsEventRegionIsClaimed = false
+        if coordinator?.setUsageTipsBubbleDisabled(false) == true {
+            refreshVisibleRuntimeState()
+        }
+        coordinator?.onUsageTipsHoverChange(false)
     }
 
     private func handleScrollActivity() {
@@ -512,6 +715,62 @@
         }
     }
 
+    fileprivate func refreshVisibleRuntimeStateForUsageTips() {
+        refreshVisibleRuntimeState()
+    }
+
+    func handleUsageTipsMouseDown(_ event: NSEvent) -> Bool {
+        handleUsageTipsMouseEvent(event, triggerButtons: true)
+    }
+
+    private func handleUsageTipsMouseEvent(_ event: NSEvent, triggerButtons: Bool) -> Bool {
+        let point = usageTipsHostPoint(for: event)
+        guard !usageTipsView.isHidden,
+              usageTipsView.frame.contains(point)
+        else { return false }
+
+        return usageTipsView.handleMouseEventFromHost(event, triggerButtons: triggerButtons)
+    }
+
+    private func installUsageTipsMouseMonitor() {
+        guard usageTipsMouseMonitor == nil else { return }
+        usageTipsMouseMonitor = NSEvent.addLocalMonitorForEvents(
+            matching: [
+                .leftMouseDown,
+                .leftMouseUp,
+                .rightMouseDown,
+                .rightMouseUp,
+                .otherMouseDown,
+                .otherMouseUp
+            ]
+        ) { [weak self] event in
+            guard let self,
+                  self.window != nil,
+                  self.handleUsageTipsMouseEvent(
+                    event,
+                    triggerButtons: event.type == .leftMouseDown
+                  )
+            else { return event }
+            return nil
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func usageTipsHostPoint(for event: NSEvent) -> NSPoint {
+        if event.window === window {
+            return convert(event.locationInWindow, from: nil)
+        }
+        guard let window else { return .zero }
+        let windowPoint = window.convertPoint(fromScreen: NSEvent.mouseLocation)
+        return convert(windowPoint, from: nil)
+    }
+
+    private func removeUsageTipsMouseMonitor() {
+        if let usageTipsMouseMonitor {
+            NSEvent.removeMonitor(usageTipsMouseMonitor)
+            self.usageTipsMouseMonitor = nil
+        }
+    }
+
     private func replayPointerHover() {
         guard let window else { return }
         let windowPoint = window.convertPoint(fromScreen: NSEvent.mouseLocation)
@@ -532,6 +791,934 @@
         }
         return didScroll
     }
+
+    private func applyAppearance() {
+        let usesDarkGlass = coordinator?.appGridTheme.usesDarkGlass == true
+        layer?.backgroundColor = NSColor.clear.cgColor
+        collectionView.appearance = usesDarkGlass ? NSAppearance(named: .darkAqua) : nil
+    }
+}
+
+private final class AppGridUsageTipsShieldView: NSView {
+    var onClaim: (() -> Void)?
+    var onRelease: (() -> Void)?
+
+    private var trackingAreaRef: NSTrackingArea?
+
+    override var isFlipped: Bool { true }
+    override var acceptsFirstResponder: Bool { false }
+    override var mouseDownCanMoveWindow: Bool { false }
+
+    override func acceptsFirstMouse(for event: NSEvent?) -> Bool {
+        true
+    }
+
+    override func updateTrackingAreas() {
+        super.updateTrackingAreas()
+        if let trackingAreaRef {
+            removeTrackingArea(trackingAreaRef)
+        }
+        let area = NSTrackingArea(
+            rect: .zero,
+            options: [.mouseEnteredAndExited, .mouseMoved, .activeAlways, .inVisibleRect],
+            owner: self,
+            userInfo: nil
+        )
+        addTrackingArea(area)
+        trackingAreaRef = area
+    }
+
+    override func hitTest(_ point: NSPoint) -> NSView? {
+        guard !isHidden, bounds.contains(point) else { return nil }
+        onClaim?()
+        return self
+    }
+
+    override func mouseEntered(with event: NSEvent) { onClaim?() }
+    override func mouseMoved(with event: NSEvent) { onClaim?() }
+    override func mouseDragged(with event: NSEvent) { onClaim?() }
+    override func mouseExited(with event: NSEvent) { onRelease?() }
+    override func mouseDown(with event: NSEvent) {
+        Diagnostics.log("usageTips.shield.mouseDown")
+        onClaim?()
+    }
+    override func mouseUp(with event: NSEvent) {}
+    override func rightMouseDown(with event: NSEvent) { onClaim?() }
+    override func rightMouseUp(with event: NSEvent) {}
+    override func otherMouseDown(with event: NSEvent) { onClaim?() }
+    override func otherMouseUp(with event: NSEvent) {}
+    override func scrollWheel(with event: NSEvent) { onClaim?() }
+}
+
+private final class AppGridUsageTipsNSView: NSView {
+    weak var coordinator: AppGridCollectionView.Coordinator?
+
+    private let backgroundView = NSVisualEffectView()
+    private let titlePanelView = NSView()
+    private let iconView = AppGridDecorativeImageView()
+    private let titleLabel = NSTextField(labelWithString: "")
+    private let detailScrollView = NSScrollView()
+    private let detailLabel = NSTextField(labelWithString: "")
+    private let closeButton = AppGridUsageTipIconButton(systemImage: "xmark")
+    private let previousButton = AppGridUsageTipIconButton(systemImage: "chevron.left")
+    private let nextButton = AppGridUsageTipIconButton(systemImage: "chevron.right")
+    private let dotsView = AppGridUsageTipDotsView()
+    private var trackingAreaRef: NSTrackingArea?
+    private var isPointerInside = false
+    private var visualWidth: CGFloat = AppGridUsageTipsMetrics.minWidth
+    private var visualHeight: CGFloat = AppGridUsageTipsMetrics.barHeight
+    private var visualBottomMargin: CGFloat = AppGridUsageTipsMetrics.bottomMargin
+    private var currentDetailText = ""
+
+    private let titleFont = NSFont.systemFont(ofSize: 25, weight: .bold)
+    private let detailFont = NSFont.systemFont(ofSize: 24, weight: .medium)
+
+    override var isFlipped: Bool { true }
+    override var acceptsFirstResponder: Bool { true }
+    override var mouseDownCanMoveWindow: Bool { false }
+
+    override init(frame frameRect: NSRect) {
+        super.init(frame: frameRect)
+        setup()
+    }
+
+    required init?(coder: NSCoder) {
+        super.init(coder: coder)
+        setup()
+    }
+
+    override func acceptsFirstMouse(for event: NSEvent?) -> Bool {
+        true
+    }
+
+    override func viewDidMoveToWindow() {
+        super.viewDidMoveToWindow()
+        if window == nil {
+            clearHoverState()
+        }
+    }
+
+    override func updateTrackingAreas() {
+        super.updateTrackingAreas()
+        if let trackingAreaRef {
+            removeTrackingArea(trackingAreaRef)
+        }
+        let area = NSTrackingArea(
+            rect: .zero,
+            options: [.mouseEnteredAndExited, .mouseMoved, .activeAlways, .inVisibleRect],
+            owner: self,
+            userInfo: nil
+        )
+        addTrackingArea(area)
+        trackingAreaRef = area
+    }
+
+    override func hitTest(_ point: NSPoint) -> NSView? {
+        guard !isHidden, bounds.contains(point) else { return nil }
+        setPointerInside(true)
+        let hitView = super.hitTest(point)
+        if hitView == nil || hitView === backgroundView || hitView?.isDescendant(of: backgroundView) == true {
+            return self
+        }
+        return hitView
+    }
+
+    override func mouseEntered(with event: NSEvent) {
+        claimInteractionFocus()
+    }
+
+    override func mouseMoved(with event: NSEvent) {
+        claimInteractionFocus()
+    }
+
+    override func mouseExited(with event: NSEvent) {
+        setPointerInside(false)
+    }
+
+    override func mouseDown(with event: NSEvent) {
+        Diagnostics.log("usageTips.hud.mouseDown")
+        if routeButtonClickIfNeeded(event) {
+            return
+        }
+        claimInteractionFocus()
+    }
+
+    override func mouseDragged(with event: NSEvent) {
+        claimInteractionFocus()
+    }
+
+    override func mouseUp(with event: NSEvent) {}
+    override func rightMouseDown(with event: NSEvent) { claimInteractionFocus() }
+    override func rightMouseUp(with event: NSEvent) {}
+    override func otherMouseDown(with event: NSEvent) { claimInteractionFocus() }
+    override func otherMouseUp(with event: NSEvent) {}
+
+    override func keyDown(with event: NSEvent) {
+        switch Int(event.keyCode) {
+        case kVK_LeftArrow:
+            selectUsageTip(offset: -1)
+        case kVK_RightArrow:
+            selectUsageTip(offset: 1)
+        default:
+            super.keyDown(with: event)
+        }
+    }
+
+    override func scrollWheel(with event: NSEvent) {
+        detailScrollView.scrollWheel(with: event)
+    }
+
+    override func layout() {
+        super.layout()
+        let visualFrame = currentVisualFrame()
+        backgroundView.frame = visualFrame
+
+        let outerPaddingX: CGFloat = 20
+        let outerPaddingY: CGFloat = 19
+        let titlePanelWidth = min(
+            max(350, visualFrame.width * 0.24),
+            min(460, visualFrame.width * 0.36)
+        )
+        let titlePanelHeight = max(1, min(116, visualFrame.height - outerPaddingY * 2))
+        let titlePanelFrame = NSRect(
+            x: visualFrame.minX + outerPaddingX,
+            y: visualFrame.midY - titlePanelHeight / 2,
+            width: titlePanelWidth,
+            height: titlePanelHeight
+        )
+        titlePanelView.frame = titlePanelFrame
+
+        let iconSize: CGFloat = 26
+        let controlZoneWidth: CGFloat = min(148, max(128, visualFrame.width * 0.08))
+        let buttonGap: CGFloat = 12
+        let buttonSize: CGFloat = 52
+        let buttonDotsGap: CGFloat = 10
+        let dotsHeight: CGFloat = 10
+        let dotsWidth = dotsView.preferredWidth
+
+        let titleIconGap: CGFloat = 20
+        let titleSidePadding: CGFloat = 28
+        let titleX = titlePanelFrame.minX + titleSidePadding + iconSize + titleIconGap
+        let titleWidth = max(1, titlePanelFrame.maxX - titleX - titleSidePadding)
+        let titleHeight: CGFloat = 68
+        let titleY = titlePanelFrame.midY - titleHeight / 2
+        let detailGap = visualFrame.width < 980 ? CGFloat(30) : CGFloat(52)
+        let controlGap = visualFrame.width < 980 ? CGFloat(24) : CGFloat(36)
+        let detailX = titlePanelFrame.maxX + detailGap
+        let controlsMaxX = visualFrame.maxX - 54
+        let textRight = controlsMaxX - controlZoneWidth - controlGap
+        let detailHeight: CGFloat = 88
+        let detailY = visualFrame.minY + max(0, (visualFrame.height - detailHeight) / 2)
+
+        let buttonsWidth = buttonSize * 2 + buttonGap
+        let buttonsGroupMinX = controlsMaxX - buttonsWidth
+
+        iconView.frame = NSRect(
+            x: titlePanelFrame.minX + titleSidePadding,
+            y: titlePanelFrame.midY - iconSize / 2,
+            width: iconSize,
+            height: iconSize
+        )
+
+        titleLabel.frame = NSRect(
+            x: titleX,
+            y: titleY,
+            width: titleWidth,
+            height: titleHeight
+        )
+
+        closeButton.frame = NSRect(
+            x: visualFrame.maxX - 40,
+            y: visualFrame.minY + 10,
+            width: 30,
+            height: 30
+        )
+
+        let controlGroupHeight = buttonSize + buttonDotsGap + dotsHeight
+        let buttonY = visualFrame.minY + max(0, (visualFrame.height - controlGroupHeight) / 2)
+        nextButton.frame = NSRect(
+            x: buttonsGroupMinX + buttonSize + buttonGap,
+            y: buttonY,
+            width: buttonSize,
+            height: buttonSize
+        )
+        previousButton.frame = NSRect(
+            x: buttonsGroupMinX,
+            y: buttonY,
+            width: buttonSize,
+            height: buttonSize
+        )
+        dotsView.frame = NSRect(
+            x: buttonsGroupMinX + (buttonsWidth - dotsWidth) / 2,
+            y: previousButton.frame.maxY + buttonDotsGap,
+            width: dotsWidth,
+            height: dotsHeight
+        )
+
+        detailScrollView.frame = NSRect(
+            x: detailX,
+            y: detailY,
+            width: max(1, textRight - detailX),
+            height: detailHeight
+        )
+        layoutDetailLabel()
+    }
+
+    func applyCoordinatorState() {
+        guard let coordinator,
+              coordinator.usageTipsVisible,
+              !coordinator.usageTips.isEmpty
+        else {
+            isHidden = true
+            clearHoverState()
+            return
+        }
+
+        isHidden = false
+        let safeIndex = min(max(0, coordinator.selectedUsageTipIndex), coordinator.usageTips.count - 1)
+        let tip = coordinator.usageTips[safeIndex]
+        titleLabel.stringValue = tr(tip.titleKey)
+        updateTipIcon(id: tip.id)
+        currentDetailText = formattedTipDetail(tr(tip.detailKey))
+        closeButton.buttonAccessibilityLabel = tr("usageTips.close")
+        previousButton.buttonAccessibilityLabel = tr("usageTips.previous")
+        nextButton.buttonAccessibilityLabel = tr("usageTips.next")
+        dotsView.configure(count: coordinator.usageTips.count, selectedIndex: safeIndex)
+        updateColors()
+        needsLayout = true
+        enclosingHostView?.relayoutUsageTipsAfterContentChange()
+    }
+
+    func clearHoverState() {
+        guard isPointerInside else { return }
+        setPointerInside(false)
+    }
+
+    func configureVisualLayout(width: CGFloat, height: CGFloat, bottomMargin: CGFloat) {
+        visualWidth = max(1, width)
+        visualHeight = max(1, height)
+        visualBottomMargin = max(0, bottomMargin)
+        needsLayout = true
+    }
+
+    func preferredWidth(maxAvailableWidth: CGFloat) -> CGFloat {
+        max(1, maxAvailableWidth)
+    }
+
+    private func setup() {
+        wantsLayer = true
+        layer?.shadowColor = NSColor.black.cgColor
+        layer?.shadowOpacity = 0.14
+        layer?.shadowRadius = 12
+        layer?.shadowOffset = NSSize(width: 0, height: -2)
+
+        backgroundView.material = .popover
+        backgroundView.blendingMode = .withinWindow
+        backgroundView.state = .active
+        backgroundView.wantsLayer = true
+        backgroundView.layer?.cornerRadius = 10
+        backgroundView.layer?.masksToBounds = true
+        backgroundView.layer?.borderWidth = 1
+        addSubview(backgroundView)
+
+        titlePanelView.wantsLayer = true
+        titlePanelView.layer?.cornerRadius = 18
+        titlePanelView.layer?.masksToBounds = true
+        titlePanelView.layer?.borderWidth = 1
+        addSubview(titlePanelView)
+
+        let iconConfig = NSImage.SymbolConfiguration(pointSize: 26, weight: .bold)
+        iconView.image = NSImage(
+            systemSymbolName: "lightbulb.fill",
+            accessibilityDescription: nil
+        )?.withSymbolConfiguration(iconConfig)
+        iconView.imageScaling = .scaleProportionallyDown
+        addSubview(iconView)
+
+        configureLabel(titleLabel, font: titleFont, lineBreakMode: .byWordWrapping)
+        configureDetailLabel()
+
+        detailScrollView.drawsBackground = false
+        detailScrollView.hasVerticalScroller = false
+        detailScrollView.hasHorizontalScroller = true
+        detailScrollView.autohidesScrollers = true
+        detailScrollView.borderType = .noBorder
+        detailScrollView.documentView = detailLabel
+
+        closeButton.action = { [weak self] in self?.requestHideUsageTips() }
+        previousButton.action = { [weak self] in self?.selectUsageTip(offset: -1) }
+        nextButton.action = { [weak self] in self?.selectUsageTip(offset: 1) }
+
+        addSubview(titleLabel)
+        addSubview(detailScrollView)
+        addSubview(dotsView)
+        addSubview(closeButton)
+        addSubview(previousButton)
+        addSubview(nextButton)
+
+        setAccessibilityRole(.group)
+        updateColors()
+    }
+
+    private func configureLabel(_ label: NSTextField, font: NSFont, lineBreakMode: NSLineBreakMode) {
+        label.cell = AppGridCenteredTextFieldCell(textCell: "")
+        label.isEditable = false
+        label.isSelectable = false
+        label.drawsBackground = false
+        label.isBordered = false
+        label.lineBreakMode = lineBreakMode
+        label.maximumNumberOfLines = 2
+        label.alignment = .left
+        label.font = font
+    }
+
+    private func configureDetailLabel() {
+        detailLabel.cell = AppGridCenteredMultilineTextFieldCell(textCell: "")
+        detailLabel.isEditable = false
+        detailLabel.isSelectable = false
+        detailLabel.drawsBackground = false
+        detailLabel.isBordered = false
+        detailLabel.lineBreakMode = .byWordWrapping
+        detailLabel.maximumNumberOfLines = 2
+        detailLabel.font = detailFont
+        detailLabel.cell?.usesSingleLineMode = false
+        detailLabel.cell?.wraps = true
+    }
+
+    private func claimInteractionFocus() {
+        setPointerInside(true)
+        window?.makeFirstResponder(self)
+    }
+
+    func handleMouseEventFromHost(_ event: NSEvent, triggerButtons: Bool) -> Bool {
+        let point = usageTipsPoint(for: event)
+        guard bounds.contains(point) else { return false }
+        if triggerButtons, routeButtonClickIfNeeded(event) {
+            return true
+        }
+        claimInteractionFocus()
+        return true
+    }
+
+    private func selectUsageTip(offset: Int) {
+        coordinator?.selectUsageTip(offset: offset)
+        applyCoordinatorState()
+    }
+
+    private func requestHideUsageTips() {
+        Diagnostics.log("usageTips.hud.close")
+        clearHoverState()
+        coordinator?.onHideUsageTips()
+    }
+
+    private func routeButtonClickIfNeeded(_ event: NSEvent) -> Bool {
+        let point = usageTipsPoint(for: event)
+        let closeHitOutset: CGFloat = 8
+        if closeButton.frame.insetBy(dx: -closeHitOutset, dy: -closeHitOutset).contains(point) {
+            closeButton.performPressFeedback()
+            requestHideUsageTips()
+            return true
+        }
+        let hitOutset: CGFloat = 6
+        if nextButton.frame.insetBy(dx: -hitOutset, dy: -hitOutset).contains(point) {
+            Diagnostics.log("usageTips.hud.routedNext")
+            selectUsageTip(offset: 1)
+            return true
+        }
+        if previousButton.frame.insetBy(dx: -hitOutset, dy: -hitOutset).contains(point) {
+            Diagnostics.log("usageTips.hud.routedPrevious")
+            selectUsageTip(offset: -1)
+            return true
+        }
+        return false
+    }
+
+    private func usageTipsPoint(for event: NSEvent) -> NSPoint {
+        if event.window === window {
+            return convert(event.locationInWindow, from: nil)
+        }
+        guard let window else { return .zero }
+        let windowPoint = window.convertPoint(fromScreen: NSEvent.mouseLocation)
+        return convert(windowPoint, from: nil)
+    }
+
+    private func setPointerInside(_ inside: Bool) {
+        guard isPointerInside != inside else { return }
+        isPointerInside = inside
+        if coordinator?.setUsageTipsBubbleDisabled(inside) == true {
+            enclosingHostView?.refreshVisibleRuntimeStateForUsageTips()
+        }
+        coordinator?.onUsageTipsHoverChange(inside)
+    }
+
+    private var enclosingHostView: AppGridCollectionHostView? {
+        var current = superview
+        while let view = current {
+            if let host = view as? AppGridCollectionHostView {
+                return host
+            }
+            current = view.superview
+        }
+        return nil
+    }
+
+    private func layoutDetailLabel() {
+        let width = max(1, detailScrollView.contentView.bounds.width)
+        detailLabel.preferredMaxLayoutWidth = width
+        detailLabel.frame = NSRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: width, height: detailScrollView.bounds.height)
+    }
+
+    private func currentVisualFrame() -> NSRect {
+        let width = min(bounds.width, visualWidth)
+        let height = min(bounds.height, visualHeight)
+        return NSRect(
+            x: max(0, (bounds.width - width) / 2),
+            y: max(0, bounds.height - visualBottomMargin - height),
+            width: width,
+            height: height
+        )
+    }
+
+    private func formattedTipDetail(_ text: String) -> String {
+        let normalized = text
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "\\s*(?:-->|->|>|→|>|,)\\s*", with: "\n", options: .regularExpression)
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "[ \\t]{2,}", with: " ", options: .regularExpression)
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "\\n{2,}", with: "\n", options: .regularExpression)
+            .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        return orderedTipDetail(normalized)
+    }
+
+    private func orderedTipDetail(_ text: String) -> String {
+        let lines = text
+            .components(separatedBy: .newlines)
+            .map { $0.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) }
+            .filter { !$0.isEmpty }
+        guard lines.count > 1 else { return text }
+        return lines
+            .enumerated()
+            .map { "\($0.offset + 1). \($0.element)" }
+            .joined(separator: "\n")
+    }
+
+    private func updateTipIcon(id: Int) {
+        let symbolName: String
+        switch id {
+        case 1:
+            symbolName = "tag.fill"
+        case 2:
+            symbolName = "checkmark.seal.fill"
+        case 3:
+            symbolName = "arrow.up.and.down.and.arrow.left.and.right"
+        case 4:
+            symbolName = "doc.on.doc.fill"
+        case 5:
+            symbolName = "minus.circle.fill"
+        case 6:
+            symbolName = "arrow.up.arrow.down.circle.fill"
+        case 7:
+            symbolName = "square.grid.2x2.fill"
+        case 8:
+            symbolName = "note.text"
+        default:
+            symbolName = "lightbulb.fill"
+        }
+        let iconConfig = NSImage.SymbolConfiguration(pointSize: 26, weight: .bold)
+        iconView.image = NSImage(
+            systemSymbolName: symbolName,
+            accessibilityDescription: nil
+        )?.withSymbolConfiguration(iconConfig)
+        ?? NSImage(
+            systemSymbolName: "lightbulb.fill",
+            accessibilityDescription: nil
+        )?.withSymbolConfiguration(iconConfig)
+    }
+
+    private func updateColors() {
+        let usesDarkGlass = coordinator?.appGridTheme.usesDarkGlass == true
+
+        backgroundView.material = usesDarkGlass ? .underWindowBackground : .popover
+        backgroundView.appearance = usesDarkGlass ? NSAppearance(named: .darkAqua) : nil
+        backgroundView.layer?.backgroundColor = (
+            usesDarkGlass
+                ? NSColor.black.withAlphaComponent(0.46)
+                : NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.54)
+        ).cgColor
+        backgroundView.layer?.borderColor = (
+            usesDarkGlass
+                ? NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.22)
+                : NSColor.black.withAlphaComponent(0.18)
+        ).cgColor
+
+        titlePanelView.layer?.backgroundColor = (
+            usesDarkGlass
+                ? NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.08)
+                : NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.42)
+        ).cgColor
+        titlePanelView.layer?.borderColor = (
+            usesDarkGlass
+                ? NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.12)
+                : NSColor.black.withAlphaComponent(0.08)
+        ).cgColor
+
+        let theme = coordinator?.appGridTheme ?? .fallback
+        let accentColor = usageTipAccentColor(for: theme)
+        iconView.contentTintColor = accentColor
+        titleLabel.textColor = usesDarkGlass
+            ? NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.92)
+            : accentColor.withAlphaComponent(0.94)
+        detailLabel.textColor = usesDarkGlass
+            ? NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.95)
+            : NSColor(calibratedRed: 0.08, green: 0.10, blue: 0.13, alpha: 0.94)
+        applyDetailTextStyle()
+
+        let buttonTint = usesDarkGlass
+            ? NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.90)
+            : NSColor(calibratedWhite: 0.08, alpha: 0.92)
+        let buttonHoverTint = usesDarkGlass
+            ? NSColor.white
+            : NSColor(calibratedWhite: 0.04, alpha: 1.00)
+        let buttonPressedTint = usesDarkGlass
+            ? NSColor.white
+            : NSColor.black
+        let buttonSurface = usesDarkGlass
+            ? NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.10)
+            : NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.38)
+        let buttonHoverSurface = usesDarkGlass
+            ? NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.20)
+            : NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.70)
+        let buttonPressedSurface = usesDarkGlass
+            ? NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.28)
+            : NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.86)
+        let buttonBorder = usesDarkGlass
+            ? NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.14)
+            : NSColor.black.withAlphaComponent(0.10)
+        [previousButton, nextButton].forEach { button in
+            button.tintColor = buttonTint
+            button.hoveredTintColor = buttonHoverTint
+            button.pressedTintColor = buttonPressedTint
+            button.surfaceColor = buttonSurface
+            button.hoveredSurfaceColor = buttonHoverSurface
+            button.pressedSurfaceColor = buttonPressedSurface
+            button.borderColor = buttonBorder
+        }
+
+        closeButton.tintColor = usesDarkGlass
+            ? NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.42)
+            : NSColor.black.withAlphaComponent(0.34)
+        closeButton.hoveredTintColor = usesDarkGlass
+            ? NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.86)
+            : NSColor.black.withAlphaComponent(0.78)
+        closeButton.pressedTintColor = usesDarkGlass ? .white : .black
+        closeButton.surfaceColor = usesDarkGlass
+            ? NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.04)
+            : NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.08)
+        closeButton.hoveredSurfaceColor = usesDarkGlass
+            ? NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.14)
+            : NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.62)
+        closeButton.pressedSurfaceColor = usesDarkGlass
+            ? NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.22)
+            : NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.82)
+        closeButton.borderColor = usesDarkGlass
+            ? NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.08)
+            : NSColor.black.withAlphaComponent(0.08)
+
+        dotsView.selectedColor = usesDarkGlass
+            ? NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.88)
+            : NSColor.labelColor.withAlphaComponent(0.74)
+        dotsView.idleColor = usesDarkGlass
+            ? NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.28)
+            : NSColor.labelColor.withAlphaComponent(0.24)
+
+        layer?.shadowOpacity = usesDarkGlass ? 0.28 : 0.14
+        layer?.shadowRadius = usesDarkGlass ? 18 : 12
+        needsDisplay = true
+    }
+
+    private func usageTipAccentColor(for theme: AppGridTheme) -> NSColor {
+        switch theme {
+        case .defaultLight:
+            return NSColor(calibratedRed: 0.34, green: 0.40, blue: 0.48, alpha: 1.00)
+        case .deepBlue:
+            return NSColor(calibratedRed: 0.42, green: 0.80, blue: 1.00, alpha: 1.00)
+        case .black:
+            return NSColor(calibratedRed: 0.36, green: 0.74, blue: 1.00, alpha: 1.00)
+        case .pink:
+            return NSColor(calibratedRed: 0.70, green: 0.18, blue: 0.45, alpha: 1.00)
+        case .purple:
+            return NSColor(calibratedRed: 0.40, green: 0.22, blue: 0.70, alpha: 1.00)
+        case .green:
+            return NSColor(calibratedRed: 0.08, green: 0.42, blue: 0.22, alpha: 1.00)
+        case .blue:
+            return NSColor(calibratedRed: 0.06, green: 0.34, blue: 0.74, alpha: 1.00)
+        case .colorful:
+            return NSColor(calibratedRed: 0.06, green: 0.44, blue: 0.78, alpha: 1.00)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func applyDetailTextStyle() {
+        let paragraphStyle = NSMutableParagraphStyle()
+        paragraphStyle.alignment = .left
+        paragraphStyle.lineBreakMode = .byWordWrapping
+        paragraphStyle.minimumLineHeight = 31
+        paragraphStyle.maximumLineHeight = 34
+        paragraphStyle.lineSpacing = 6
+
+        detailLabel.attributedStringValue = NSAttributedString(
+            string: currentDetailText,
+            attributes: [
+                .font: detailFont,
+                .foregroundColor: detailLabel.textColor ?? NSColor.labelColor,
+                .paragraphStyle: paragraphStyle
+            ]
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+private final class AppGridCenteredTextFieldCell: NSTextFieldCell {
+    override func drawingRect(forBounds rect: NSRect) -> NSRect {
+        var drawingRect = super.drawingRect(forBounds: rect)
+        let textHeight = cellSize(forBounds: rect).height
+        drawingRect.origin.y = rect.origin.y + max(0, (rect.height - textHeight) / 2)
+        drawingRect.size.height = min(rect.height, textHeight + 2)
+        return drawingRect
+    }
+}
+
+private final class AppGridCenteredMultilineTextFieldCell: NSTextFieldCell {
+    override func drawingRect(forBounds rect: NSRect) -> NSRect {
+        var drawingRect = super.drawingRect(forBounds: rect)
+        let textHeight = attributedStringValue.boundingRect(
+            with: NSSize(width: max(1, rect.width), height: .greatestFiniteMagnitude),
+            options: [.usesLineFragmentOrigin, .usesFontLeading]
+        ).height
+        let centeredHeight = min(rect.height, ceil(textHeight) + 4)
+        drawingRect.origin.y = rect.origin.y + max(0, (rect.height - centeredHeight) / 2)
+        drawingRect.size.height = centeredHeight
+        return drawingRect
+    }
+}
+
+private final class AppGridDecorativeImageView: NSImageView {
+    override func hitTest(_ point: NSPoint) -> NSView? {
+        nil
+    }
+
+    override func isAccessibilityElement() -> Bool {
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+private final class AppGridUsageTipIconButton: NSView {
+    var action: (() -> Void)?
+    var buttonAccessibilityLabel: String = "" {
+        didSet {
+            setAccessibilityLabel(buttonAccessibilityLabel)
+        }
+    }
+    var tintColor: NSColor = .labelColor {
+        didSet {
+            updateIconTint()
+        }
+    }
+    var hoveredTintColor: NSColor? {
+        didSet { updateIconTint() }
+    }
+    var pressedTintColor: NSColor? {
+        didSet { updateIconTint() }
+    }
+    var surfaceColor: NSColor = .clear {
+        didSet { needsDisplay = true }
+    }
+    var hoveredSurfaceColor: NSColor = NSColor.labelColor.withAlphaComponent(0.08) {
+        didSet { needsDisplay = true }
+    }
+    var pressedSurfaceColor: NSColor = NSColor.labelColor.withAlphaComponent(0.14) {
+        didSet { needsDisplay = true }
+    }
+    var borderColor: NSColor = .clear {
+        didSet { needsDisplay = true }
+    }
+
+    private let imageView = AppGridDecorativeImageView()
+    private var trackingAreaRef: NSTrackingArea?
+    private var isHovered = false
+    private var isPressed = false
+
+    override var isFlipped: Bool { true }
+    override var acceptsFirstResponder: Bool { false }
+    override var mouseDownCanMoveWindow: Bool { false }
+
+    init(systemImage: String) {
+        super.init(frame: .zero)
+        setup(systemImage: systemImage)
+    }
+
+    required init?(coder: NSCoder) { fatalError() }
+
+    override func acceptsFirstMouse(for event: NSEvent?) -> Bool {
+        true
+    }
+
+    override func isAccessibilityElement() -> Bool {
+        true
+    }
+
+    override func accessibilityRole() -> NSAccessibility.Role? {
+        .button
+    }
+
+    override func accessibilityLabel() -> String? {
+        buttonAccessibilityLabel
+    }
+
+    override func accessibilityPerformPress() -> Bool {
+        action?()
+        return true
+    }
+
+    func performPressFeedback() {
+        isPressed = true
+        needsDisplay = true
+        updateIconTint()
+        DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + 0.10) { [weak self] in
+            self?.isPressed = false
+            self?.needsDisplay = true
+            self?.updateIconTint()
+        }
+    }
+
+    override func layout() {
+        super.layout()
+        let size = min(CGFloat(26), max(14, min(bounds.width, bounds.height) * 0.62))
+        imageView.frame = NSRect(
+            x: (bounds.width - size) / 2,
+            y: (bounds.height - size) / 2,
+            width: size,
+            height: size
+        )
+    }
+
+    override func updateTrackingAreas() {
+        super.updateTrackingAreas()
+        if let trackingAreaRef {
+            removeTrackingArea(trackingAreaRef)
+        }
+        let area = NSTrackingArea(
+            rect: .zero,
+            options: [.mouseEnteredAndExited, .activeAlways, .inVisibleRect],
+            owner: self,
+            userInfo: nil
+        )
+        addTrackingArea(area)
+        trackingAreaRef = area
+    }
+
+    override func hitTest(_ point: NSPoint) -> NSView? {
+        bounds.contains(point) ? self : nil
+    }
+
+    override func mouseEntered(with event: NSEvent) {
+        isHovered = true
+        needsDisplay = true
+        updateIconTint()
+    }
+
+    override func mouseExited(with event: NSEvent) {
+        isHovered = false
+        isPressed = false
+        needsDisplay = true
+        updateIconTint()
+    }
+
+    override func mouseDown(with event: NSEvent) {
+        Diagnostics.log("usageTips.button.mouseDown", [
+            "label": buttonAccessibilityLabel
+        ])
+        performPressFeedback()
+        action?()
+    }
+
+    override func draw(_ dirtyRect: NSRect) {
+        let path = NSBezierPath(roundedRect: bounds.insetBy(dx: 1, dy: 1), xRadius: 8, yRadius: 8)
+        let fill = isPressed ? pressedSurfaceColor : isHovered ? hoveredSurfaceColor : surfaceColor
+        fill.setFill()
+        path.fill()
+        borderColor.setStroke()
+        path.lineWidth = 1
+        path.stroke()
+    }
+
+    private func setup(systemImage: String) {
+        wantsLayer = true
+        let config = NSImage.SymbolConfiguration(pointSize: 26, weight: .semibold)
+        imageView.image = NSImage(
+            systemSymbolName: systemImage,
+            accessibilityDescription: nil
+        )?.withSymbolConfiguration(config)
+        imageView.imageScaling = .scaleProportionallyDown
+        imageView.contentTintColor = tintColor
+        addSubview(imageView)
+        setAccessibilityRole(.button)
+    }
+
+    private func updateIconTint() {
+        if isPressed, let pressedTintColor {
+            imageView.contentTintColor = pressedTintColor
+        } else if isHovered, let hoveredTintColor {
+            imageView.contentTintColor = hoveredTintColor
+        } else {
+            imageView.contentTintColor = tintColor
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+private final class AppGridUsageTipDotsView: NSView {
+    private var count = 0
+    private var selectedIndex = 0
+    var selectedColor: NSColor = .labelColor {
+        didSet { needsDisplay = true }
+    }
+    var idleColor: NSColor = NSColor.labelColor.withAlphaComponent(0.28) {
+        didSet { needsDisplay = true }
+    }
+
+    override var isFlipped: Bool { true }
+
+    var preferredWidth: CGFloat {
+        guard count > 0 else { return 0 }
+        return CGFloat(count) * 5 + CGFloat(max(0, count - 1)) * 5 + 2
+    }
+
+    func configure(count: Int, selectedIndex: Int) {
+        self.count = count
+        self.selectedIndex = selectedIndex
+        needsDisplay = true
+    }
+
+    override func draw(_ dirtyRect: NSRect) {
+        guard count > 0 else { return }
+        let spacing: CGFloat = 5
+        let totalWidth = preferredWidth
+        var x = (bounds.width - totalWidth) / 2
+        let centerY = bounds.midY
+
+        for index in 0..<count {
+            let selected = index == selectedIndex
+            let dotSize: CGFloat = selected ? 6 : 5
+            let color = selected ? selectedColor : idleColor
+            color.setFill()
+            NSBezierPath(
+                ovalIn: NSRect(
+                    x: x,
+                    y: centerY - dotSize / 2,
+                    width: dotSize,
+                    height: dotSize
+                )
+            ).fill()
+            x += 5 + spacing
+        }
+    }
+
 }
 
 private final class AppGridContainerCollectionLayout: NSCollectionViewLayout {
@@ -560,7 +1747,8 @@
             groups: visibleGroups,
             contentWidth: collectionView.bounds.width,
             iconSize: iconSize,
-            displayMode: coordinator?.displayMode ?? AppDefaults.displayMode
+            displayMode: coordinator?.displayMode ?? AppDefaults.displayMode,
+            bottomContentPadding: coordinator?.bottomContentPadding ?? 0
         )
 
         var nextAttributes: [IndexPath: NSCollectionViewLayoutAttributes] = [:]
@@ -606,22 +1794,39 @@
         groups: [TagGroup],
         contentWidth: CGFloat,
         iconSize: CGFloat,
-        displayMode: String
+        displayMode: String,
+        bottomContentPadding: CGFloat
     ) -> LayoutPlan {
         switch AppGridCollectionDisplayMode(displayMode) {
         case .flat:
-            return makeFlatPlan(groups: groups, contentWidth: contentWidth, iconSize: iconSize)
+            return makeFlatPlan(
+                groups: groups,
+                contentWidth: contentWidth,
+                iconSize: iconSize,
+                bottomContentPadding: bottomContentPadding
+            )
         case .masonryContainer:
-            return makeMasonryPlan(groups: groups, contentWidth: contentWidth, iconSize: iconSize)
+            return makeMasonryPlan(
+                groups: groups,
+                contentWidth: contentWidth,
+                iconSize: iconSize,
+                bottomContentPadding: bottomContentPadding
+            )
         case .gridContainer:
-            return makeGridPlan(groups: groups, contentWidth: contentWidth, iconSize: iconSize)
+            return makeGridPlan(
+                groups: groups,
+                contentWidth: contentWidth,
+                iconSize: iconSize,
+                bottomContentPadding: bottomContentPadding
+            )
         }
     }
 
     private static func makeGridPlan(
         groups: [TagGroup],
         contentWidth: CGFloat,
-        iconSize: CGFloat
+        iconSize: CGFloat,
+        bottomContentPadding: CGFloat
     ) -> LayoutPlan {
         let boundedContentWidth = max(1, contentWidth)
         let outerPadding = AppGridCollectionMetrics.outerPadding
@@ -651,7 +1856,8 @@
             y += height + gap
         }
 
-        let contentHeight = rows.isEmpty ? outerPadding * 2 : y - gap + outerPadding
+        let contentHeight = (rows.isEmpty ? outerPadding * 2 : y - gap + outerPadding)
+            + max(0, bottomContentPadding)
         return LayoutPlan(
             items: items,
             contentSize: NSSize(width: boundedContentWidth, height: max(1, contentHeight))
@@ -661,7 +1867,8 @@
     private static func makeFlatPlan(
         groups: [TagGroup],
         contentWidth: CGFloat,
-        iconSize: CGFloat
+        iconSize: CGFloat,
+        bottomContentPadding: CGFloat
     ) -> LayoutPlan {
         let boundedContentWidth = max(1, contentWidth)
         let outerPadding = AppGridCollectionMetrics.outerPadding
@@ -684,7 +1891,8 @@
             y += height + AppGridCollectionMetrics.flatGroupGap
         }
 
-        let contentHeight = groups.isEmpty ? outerPadding * 2 : y - AppGridCollectionMetrics.flatGroupGap + outerPadding
+        let contentHeight = (groups.isEmpty ? outerPadding * 2 : y - AppGridCollectionMetrics.flatGroupGap + outerPadding)
+            + max(0, bottomContentPadding)
         return LayoutPlan(
             items: items,
             contentSize: NSSize(width: boundedContentWidth, height: max(1, contentHeight))
@@ -694,7 +1902,8 @@
     private static func makeMasonryPlan(
         groups: [TagGroup],
         contentWidth: CGFloat,
-        iconSize: CGFloat
+        iconSize: CGFloat,
+        bottomContentPadding: CGFloat
     ) -> LayoutPlan {
         let boundedContentWidth = max(1, contentWidth)
         let outerPadding = AppGridCollectionMetrics.outerPadding
@@ -724,7 +1933,8 @@
         }
 
         let tallest = columnHeights.max() ?? outerPadding
-        let contentHeight = groups.isEmpty ? outerPadding * 2 : tallest - gap + outerPadding
+        let contentHeight = (groups.isEmpty ? outerPadding * 2 : tallest - gap + outerPadding)
+            + max(0, bottomContentPadding)
         return LayoutPlan(
             items: items,
             contentSize: NSSize(width: boundedContentWidth, height: max(1, contentHeight))
@@ -860,6 +2070,7 @@
     static let headerBottomGap: CGFloat = 6
     static let iconColumnGap: CGFloat = 6
     static let iconRowGap: CGFloat = 2
+    static let reorderEmptyDropCancelOutset: CGFloat = 4
     static let hoverScale: CGFloat = 1.22
     static let labelHeight: CGFloat = 14
 
@@ -1072,15 +2283,24 @@
         if displayStyle.usesCardSurface {
             let rect = bounds.insetBy(dx: 0.5, dy: 0.5)
             let path = NSBezierPath(roundedRect: rect, xRadius: 14, yRadius: 14)
-            cardSurfaceColor().setFill()
-            path.fill()
-            if coordinator.isColoredContainerMode || isColorlessActive {
-                tagColor.withAlphaComponent(0.30).setFill()
+            if coordinator.appGridTheme.usesDarkGlass {
+                drawDarkCardSurface(
+                    path: path,
+                    tagColor: tagColor,
+                    isActive: isHovered || isNavigationHighlighted,
+                    isTinted: coordinator.isColoredContainerMode || isColorlessActive
+                )
+            } else {
+                cardSurfaceColor().setFill()
                 path.fill()
+                if coordinator.isColoredContainerMode || isColorlessActive {
+                    tagColor.withAlphaComponent(0.30).setFill()
+                    path.fill()
+                }
+                NSColor.labelColor.withAlphaComponent(0.08).setStroke()
+                path.lineWidth = 1
+                path.stroke()
             }
-            NSColor.labelColor.withAlphaComponent(0.08).setStroke()
-            path.lineWidth = 1
-            path.stroke()
         }
 
         drawHeader(title: group.name, displayStyle: displayStyle)
@@ -1300,6 +2520,17 @@
             && (isHovered || isNavigationHighlighted)
         let shouldShadow = coordinator.displayStyle.usesCardSurface
             && ((coordinator.isColoredContainerMode && (isHovered || isNavigationHighlighted)) || isColorlessActive)
+        if coordinator.appGridTheme.usesDarkGlass && coordinator.displayStyle.usesCardSurface {
+            let tagColor = TagColor.nsColor(for: coordinator.tagColors[group?.name ?? ""] ?? 0)
+            let active = isHovered || isNavigationHighlighted
+            layer?.shadowColor = active
+                ? tagColor.withAlphaComponent(0.82).cgColor
+                : NSColor.black.withAlphaComponent(0.72).cgColor
+            layer?.shadowOpacity = active ? 0.50 : 0.28
+            layer?.shadowRadius = active ? 24 : 14
+            layer?.shadowOffset = NSSize(width: 0, height: active ? -8 : -4)
+            return
+        }
         layer?.shadowColor = NSColor.black.cgColor
         layer?.shadowOpacity = shouldShadow ? 0.22 : 0
         layer?.shadowRadius = shouldShadow ? 8 : 0
@@ -1335,6 +2566,40 @@
         return NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.62)
     }
 
+    private func drawDarkCardSurface(
+        path: NSBezierPath,
+        tagColor: NSColor,
+        isActive: Bool,
+        isTinted: Bool
+    ) {
+        NSGraphicsContext.saveGraphicsState()
+        if isActive {
+            let glow = NSShadow()
+            glow.shadowColor = tagColor.withAlphaComponent(0.36)
+            glow.shadowBlurRadius = 28
+            glow.shadowOffset = NSSize(width: 0, height: -8)
+            glow.set()
+        }
+        NSColor(calibratedRed: 0.12, green: 0.18, blue: 0.25, alpha: 0.58).setFill()
+        path.fill()
+        NSGraphicsContext.restoreGraphicsState()
+
+        if isTinted {
+            tagColor.withAlphaComponent(isActive ? 0.18 : 0.10).setFill()
+            path.fill()
+        }
+
+        NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(isActive ? 0.08 : 0.045).setFill()
+        path.fill()
+
+        let strokeColor = isActive
+            ? tagColor.withAlphaComponent(0.72)
+            : NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.18)
+        strokeColor.setStroke()
+        path.lineWidth = isActive ? 1.4 : 1.0
+        path.stroke()
+    }
+
     private func drawHeader(title: String, displayStyle: AppGridCollectionDisplayMode) {
         let horizontalInset = displayStyle.usesCardSurface ? AppGridCollectionMetrics.cardPadding : 0
         let verticalInset = displayStyle.usesCardSurface ? AppGridCollectionMetrics.cardPadding : 0
@@ -1344,9 +2609,13 @@
             width: max(1, bounds.width - horizontalInset * 2),
             height: AppGridCollectionMetrics.headerHeight
         )
+        let isDarkGrid = coordinator?.appGridTheme.usesDarkGlass == true
+        let headerTextColor = isDarkGrid
+            ? NSColor.white.withAlphaComponent(0.74)
+            : NSColor.secondaryLabelColor
         let attributes: [NSAttributedString.Key: Any] = [
             .font: NSFont.systemFont(ofSize: 18, weight: .semibold),
-            .foregroundColor: NSColor.secondaryLabelColor,
+            .foregroundColor: headerTextColor,
             .paragraphStyle: centeredParagraph(lineBreak: .byTruncatingMiddle)
         ]
         let titleSize = title.size(withAttributes: attributes)
@@ -1358,7 +2627,9 @@
             height: headerRect.height - 6
         )
         let lineY = headerRect.midY
-        NSColor.secondaryLabelColor.withAlphaComponent(0.25).setStroke()
+        (isDarkGrid ? NSColor.white : NSColor.secondaryLabelColor)
+            .withAlphaComponent(isDarkGrid ? 0.16 : 0.25)
+            .setStroke()
         let leftLine = NSBezierPath()
         leftLine.move(to: NSPoint(x: headerRect.minX, y: lineY))
         leftLine.line(to: NSPoint(x: max(headerRect.minX, titleRect.minX - 2), y: lineY))

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